地貌学及第四纪地质学复习.pdf

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1、地貌学及第四级地质学复习妃樱蒂-1-地貌学及第四纪地质学复习考试方式：闭卷考试100 分；平时20 分考试题型：一、填空题二、名词解释三、判断对错四、问答题五、综述题考试要点：1、地貌学的研究对象与内容是什么?1.地形地貌学的研究对象地球表面所有大大小小的起伏都叫做地形。2.地貌基本上与地形可以看作是同义语。地貌是地表外貌各种形态的总称。地貌是内、外营力共同作用的结果。3.地貌学研究地表形态特征及其成因、演化、内部结构和分布规律的科学。4.地貌学的研究内容（1）地表形态特征地表形态具有不同的规模和各种特征。（2）地貌的成因内动力喜马拉雅山，贝加尔湖外动力流水、波浪、冰川、风混合成因剥蚀断块山，

2、冰蚀侵蚀阶地（3）地貌演化“沧海桑田”地貌不断发展变化。地貌变化主要受三个因素控制构造运动，外营力作用，时间。（4）地貌结构各种地貌有不同的内部结构。按地貌形成的侵蚀作用和堆积作用可以把地貌划分为：切割型侵蚀占主导，切割新生代以前的构造和岩层。叠置型堆积占主导，地面发生大量堆积，层层叠置。切割叠置型构造运动方向改变，侵蚀变为堆积，在被切割部位发生堆积。叠置切割型堆积转变为侵蚀，在叠置型地貌基础上发生侵蚀。（5）地貌分布规律各种类型的地貌都有一定的分布规律。内营力为主形成的地貌地貌分布与大地构造单元、地壳运动方向，以及构造线走向有一定联系。以外动力为主形成的地貌具有水平分带性和垂直分带性。2、第

3、四纪地质学的研究内容是什么？第四纪地质学通过研究第四纪期间所发生的各种地质事件，来恢复第四纪地质历史的科学。第四纪地质学的研究内容1.第四纪沉积物是第四纪地质研究的基础；是记录第四纪期间所发生的各种地质事件的载体；包含着大量地质环境信息。差别地形较为具体地貌是自然景观的抽象概括地貌学及第四级地质学复习妃樱蒂-2-第四纪沉积物的研究包括：1.沉积物的成分：化学成分、矿物成分2.沉积物的粒度：粒度划分与沉积岩相同3.沉积物的颜色、分选、磨圆、层理等，4.沉积物的成因5.沉积物的形成年代第四纪沉积物的成因：根据基本的沉积环境，第四纪沉积物分为陆相沉积、海相沉积和海陆交互相沉积。陆相沉积根据其形成的动

4、力因素，又分为：残积物、坡积物、洪积物、冲积物、冰碛物、冰水堆积物等。第四纪陆相沉积物特点：1.大部分尚未成岩，保持松散状态。2.分布在地表，易于观察和研究。3.成因类型复杂，岩性、岩相、厚度变化大。2.第四纪地层划分和对比划分第四纪标准地层和建立地层表是第四纪地质学的一个基本问题。传统的第四系四分分为：下更新统、中更新统、上更新统、全新统；统之下又分为组。3.第四纪气候与环境第四纪全球气候普遍变冷，出现冰期，是划分第四纪的标志之一。气候变化是划分和对比第四纪地层的重要依据之一。在气候变迁史上第四纪古气候以显著变冷为其特征，这是区分新近纪和第四纪的明显标志之一。第四纪不仅以全球性的变冷为特征，

5、同时又有多次的冷暖干湿波动。第四纪古气候的研究不仅在探讨气候变迁的规律和原因方面具有重要的理论意义，而且在生产实践中也有重要的实际意义。总之，第四纪以来古气候的波动对自然界产生了巨大影响，特别是生物界的演化、地表形态的发展等，都直接受气候条件控制。4.第四纪生物界及古人类第四纪哺乳动物演化的阶段性是划分第四系的主要依据。第四纪植物群的演化是恢复第四纪气候的重要标志。古人类和古文化的发展阶段是划分和对比第四纪地层的重要手段。无脊椎动物和微体动物是恢复第四纪环境的重要标志。5.第四纪构造运动第四纪构造运动是新构造运动的一部分。第四纪构造运动控制着第四纪沉积。第四纪虽然短暂，但地壳运动始终在进行着，

6、而且在有些地区还很活跃，特别是火山活动和地震直接影响到人类的生产和生活，这是第四纪研究的重要内容之一。3.什么是构造地貌?构造地貌的识别标志是什么?主要由内力地质作用（构造运动、岩浆活动、变质作用）所造成的地表形态，称构造地貌。识别标志构造地貌的识别标志是构造面（如岩层层面、褶皱面、断层面、侵入岩体表面、侵入岩体与围岩的接触界面等）。如果构造面与地表面基本一致，就称为构造地貌。4.各种构造地貌的类型及其特征文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10

7、T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK1

8、0T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK

9、10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:C

10、K10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:

11、CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码

12、:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编

13、码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8地貌学及第四级地质学复习妃樱蒂-3-一、水平岩层构造地貌水平岩层倾角小于5o。1.构造平原2.构造阶地构造阶地的特点：（1）岩层水平。（2）坚硬岩层构成阶地面或阶地陡坎的上部，软弱岩层构成阶地陡坎的下部。（3）阶地面倾向受岩层倾向控制（河流阶地倾向河床）。（4）

14、只反映岩性的差异，不反映构造运动的阶段性。构造阶地形成过程节理，侵蚀，小沟槽，切入软岩层，坍塌3.方山、尖山方山由水平岩层构成的孤立的平顶山。尖山方山进一步发展，顶部呈锥形，称为尖山。4.丹霞地貌是一种特殊的水平岩层构造地貌。以广东韶关丹霞山最为典型。丹霞山由第三纪红色砂砾岩组成。一些中新生代的红色盆地堆积，经构造上升和流水切割，由水平岩层构成一种顶平、坡陡、麓缓的地形，称为丹霞地貌。5.剥露构造平原地壳上升以后，如果长期处于静止状态，则构造阶地、方山、尖山等全部被破坏掉，由被挖掘出来的坚硬岩层组成新的地表面，称为剥露构造平原（次成构造地形）剥露构造平原一般比原始构造平原复杂，常常带有微起伏，

15、并可有少量堆积。二、褶曲构造地貌岩石受力发生弯曲，便形成褶曲。原生褶曲构造地貌（由新构造运动造成）次生褶曲构造地貌（地质构造受到剥蚀所形成）（一）原生褶曲构造地貌1.活动褶曲构造山地活动褶曲构造山地是在强烈的水平挤压作用下，地表褶曲隆起形成山地。新生代的构造褶皱带，大多数属于活动褶曲构造山地。2.挤压构造盆地在水平挤压下，地表拗陷或沿边缘的逆断层不断收缩，便形成挤压构造盆地。3.背斜山和向斜谷（二）次生褶曲构造地貌1.向斜山和背斜谷地形倒置（逆地貌）正向构造形成负地貌，负向构造形成正地貌的现象。形成原因：岩性的差异；构造裂隙的发育；地貌的演化阶段；2.单面山和猪背脊(岭)背斜或向斜构造受到剥蚀

16、，其一翼便成为单斜构造。如果岩层软硬相间，常形成单面山或猪背脊。文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T

17、10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10

18、T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK1

19、0T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK

20、10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:C

21、K10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:

22、CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8地貌学及

23、第四级地质学复习妃樱蒂-4-单面山沿岩层走向延伸，两坡不对称，一坡短而陡，另一坡长而缓。岩层倾角一般小于 35o。与岩层倾向一致的坡，称后坡；与岩层倾向相反的坡，称前坡。猪背脊岩层倾角较大的单斜构造地貌。岩层倾角一般大于35o。3.受褶曲构造控制的河谷发育顺向河顺着岩层倾向发育的河流。次成河地表岩层遭受侵蚀，软弱岩层形成负地形，这种沿软弱岩层发育的河流，称次成河（S）。次成河一般为顺向河的支流。逆向河次成河下切侵蚀后，逆着岩层倾向发育的河流，流向与岩层倾向相反，称逆向河（O）。再顺向河原始构造被破坏后，沿着新露出的坚硬岩层层面发育的河流，称再顺向河。（三）穹隆构造地貌穹隆是一种没有明显走向的背

24、斜隆起，平面轮廓呈圆形或椭圆形，长宽比小于3:1，组成穹隆构造的地层向四周倾斜。当地壳下部的岩盐呈塑性状态侵入到上部的沉积岩中，或岩浆侵入到上部的地层中，都能使地壳上部岩层上拱，形成穹隆构造。塑性岩盐侵入到地层中形成的穹隆，又称盐丘。三、断层构造地貌1.断块山地断块山地是受正断层控制的块体，整体抬升或翘起抬升形成山地。地垒式山地掀斜式山地2.断陷盆地(地堑盆地)受正断层控制的陷落盆地，称断陷盆地。(a)地堑断陷盆地;(b)簸萁式半地堑断陷盆地;(c)复式半地堑断陷盆地;(d)复式地堑式断陷盆地3.断层崖和断层三角面断层活动形成的陡崖，称断层崖。由于断层两盘的相对滑动和差异剥蚀作用，常使断层面裸

25、露地表，形成陡崖，这种陡崖通常称为断层崖。在山区，断层崖受到与断面垂直方向的水流侵蚀切割，形成沿断层走向分布的一系列三角形陡崖，即断层三角面。4.断层线崖断层上盘受到强烈剥蚀，当上盘出露软弱岩层，下盘出露坚硬岩层时，上盘剥蚀速度较快，结果上升盘比下降盘还低，这种断层崖称断层线崖，又叫逆向断层线崖。5.断层谷沿断裂破碎带发育的河谷，称断裂谷。四、火山和熔岩地貌火山是由地下岩浆喷出地表形成的一种地貌形态。火山喷发类型：中心式喷发裂隙式喷发1.火山锥文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 Z

26、X6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1

27、ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1

28、 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M

29、1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10

30、M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S1

31、0M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S

32、10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8地貌学及第四级地质学复习妃樱蒂-5-地下深处的岩浆或碎屑物喷出地表，堆积所形成的一种锥状地形。按火山锥的内部结构和组成物质，分为碎屑锥、熔岩锥、混合锥和熔岩滴锥。2.火山盾中心式喷发的玄武岩流，形成一种平缓、高凸的盾形丘陵，

33、称火山盾。3.熔岩平原（高原）大规模裂隙式喷发，或多中心喷发的玄武岩流，形成大面积平坦地形，称熔岩平原。4.熔岩垄岗熔岩沿地表流动形成长条形的垄岗地形，称熔岩垄岗。5.熔岩隧道熔岩流表面下的一种窄长的通道。6.熔岩堰塞湖熔岩溢出后向低处流动，常阻塞河谷，形成熔岩堤坝，坝上游积水成湖，称为熔岩堰塞湖。五、侵入岩体构造地貌埋没于较松软岩层之下的侵入岩体，经长期剥蚀出露在地表，但基本保持原始的侵入体形态，称侵入岩体构造地貌。它是一种剥蚀构造地貌（或次成构造地貌）。1.岩席平原（当海拔超过600m时，称岩席高原。若被切割，可形成岩席台地。）2.岩盘丘陵3.岩墙4.岩株山5.岩基山岩基山规模巨大。5.滑

34、坡形成的地貌？滑坡的识别标志有哪些?滑坡分类斜坡上的岩、土体，由于地表水或地下水影响，在重力作用下，沿着滑动面向下滑动，称为滑坡。一、影响滑坡的因素（1）地形基岩沿构造面滑动，坡度30o40o；松散层沿层面滑动，坡度20o。（2）岩石结构和岩性滑坡常沿断层面、节理面、岩层不整合面、岩层层面发生。尤其岩层倾向与坡向一致，且岩层倾角小于坡角。松散层滑坡常与粘土夹层或松散层与基岩之间的界面有关。基岩滑坡常与千枚岩、页岩、泥灰岩等软弱岩层有关。（3）气候暴雨或长期降雨，以及融雪水可使斜坡岩土体饱和水分，增加块体自重。水在滑动面中起到润滑作用，降低斜坡的稳定性。（4）人类工程活动人工开挖边坡；斜坡上建筑

35、物增加斜坡载荷；工程爆破（5）地震地震震动使斜坡失稳。二、滑坡要素（滑坡的形态特征）（1）滑坡体（2）滑动面（3）滑坡壁（4）滑坡阶地（5）滑坡鼓丘（6）滑坡裂缝（7）滑坡洼地（滑坡湖）（8）反坡地形（反坡洼地或池沼）（9）醉汉林（醉树、马刀树）三、滑坡识别标志1 古滑壁遗迹2 坡角渗泉3 双沟同源或单钩转向4 局部不协调地形5 局部反坡地形6 醉树四、滑坡类型（1）按照滑坡物质组成分为碎屑滑坡；黄土滑坡；粘土滑坡；基岩滑坡（2）按滑坡体厚度(或滑床深度)分为浅层滑坡（50m）（3）按滑坡体体积分为小型滑坡（100 万 m3）文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX

36、6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 Z

37、X6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1

38、ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1

39、 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M

40、1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10

41、M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S1

42、0M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8地貌学及第四级地质学复习妃樱蒂-6-（4）按滑动面与斜坡上岩层层面关系分为均质体滑坡；顺层滑坡；切层滑坡6.泥石流的地貌类型?泥石流（也称山

43、洪泥流）发生在山区沟谷中，是一种含有大量泥砂石块（固体物质一般大于 50%）等固体物质的特殊洪流。泥石流形成条件（1）地形条件（2）地质条件（3）气象水文条件（4）植被条件（5）人类活动泥石流地貌（1）泥流舌由泥石流堆积物所构成的向坡下伸展的舌状突出地形。（2）泥流裙由泥石流的堆积作用形成，沿山麓呈环带状展布。（3）泥流阶地数次间断性泥石流形成几个台阶，称泥流阶地。7.河床中的微地貌有哪些类型？（1）深槽与浅滩浅滩河床底部的冲积物堆积体（心滩、边滩）深槽浅滩与浅滩之间的较深河段。（2）沙波顺行沙波逆行沙波（水浅时受重力影响形成）（3）壶穴与岩坎壶穴基岩河床中水流冲磨形成的深穴，常位于瀑布下方。

44、岩坎河床纵剖面上的一个陡坎，形成瀑布或跌水。8.河床类型？（1）顺直微弯型河床（弯曲系数1.5）平水期深槽、浅滩交替出现，水流沿弯曲路线流动；洪水期河水顺直奔流，并推动交错的边滩徐徐向下游移动。（2）弯曲型河床（弯曲系数1.5 1.7）弯曲段与过渡段相间排列，弯曲段为深槽，过渡段为浅滩。（3）分汊型河床河床呈莲藕壮，窄段为单一河床，宽段河槽中有一个或多个江心洲，水流分成多股汊道。江心洲与河漫滩一样，洪水期才被淹没（4）游荡型河床河床宽浅，沙滩众多，洪水时汪洋一片，枯水时河汊密布。河床变形迅速，一次洪峰会使若干心滩消失，同时也会产生很多新心滩。河床侧方摆动强烈。9.河漫滩微地貌的类型？（1）滨河

45、床沙坝（2）迂回扇由多条滨河床沙坝组成。迂回扇的收敛端指向下游。（3）心滩沙堤（4）牛轭湖由弯曲河床的自然截弯取直或汊道淤塞形成。平面上常呈新月形。10.河流阶地的类型及其形成过程？文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9

46、S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M

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49、6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 Z

50、X6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1 ZX6M9S9M6F8文档编码:CK10T10P9R8T3 HF5L2J6S10M1