外研社版高一英语词汇和语法讲义(上).doc

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1、高一英语同步强化培训词汇和语法朱翀Module 1 Europe重点概括：核心词汇：across, off, face, popular, famous, influence, none, sign, 核心短语：look like. because of, ever since, in common, refer to, in terms of, on the other hand, belong to重点语法：一般现在时的被动语态和一般过去时的被动语态；主谓一致补充语法：倍数的表达核心词汇：acrossacross, through, over 与 past教材原文France is Eur

2、opes third largest country and faces the United Kingdom across the English Channel.(教材 P1)释义词条词性含义用法例句acrossprep.经过，跨过动作在某物体表面进行，跨越其范围He swam across the river.在另一边，在对面They live just across the roadadv./ adj穿过，从一边到另一边The river is more than ten meters across交叉He was standing with arms acrossthroughpre

3、p通过、经过、穿过动作在某物体内部穿过，有时也表跨越He walked through the crowd and found his mother.overprep.跨越、越过动作从物体上方跨过（尤其是浮在正上方，飞过、跳过、飘过等）He climbed over the wall and ran away.pastprep.经过动作从物体旁边过，强调经过、经历He ran past me without greetings.It winds its way from west to east, across deserts，over mountains, through valleys,

4、till at last it reaches the sea.常见collocation：l just across n He knew that just across the border lay freedom.l right across n Teachers are expected to teach a range of subjects right across the curriculum.l right across n Someones parked right across the entrance to the driveway.l straight acrossn

5、They ran straight across the road .l come across: to meet, find or discover someone or something by chancen I came across an old diary in her desk.n Ive never come across anyone quite like her before.Practice1. He suddenly saw Sue _ the room. He pushed his way _ the crowd of people to get to her.A.

6、across, acrossB. over, throughC. over, intoD. across, through高考真题1. There were a lot of people standing at the door and the small girl couldnt get . （06 全国卷2）A. between B. through C. across D. beyond2. Guess what! I came across an old friend at the party last night. _Im sure you had a wonderful time

7、. ( 2004辽宁)A. Sounds good! B. Very well. C. How nice! D. All right. 3. The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common _in many parts of the city. （2007 安徽）A. lookB. sign C. sightD. appearance4. If you really have to leave during the meeting, youd better leave _ the back door. （2008 北京

8、）A. for B. by C. across D. out5. If we can _our present difficulties, then everything should be all right. （2007 湖北）A. come across B. get overC. come over D. get off6. I can hardly imagine Peter across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailedarchitectOrigin: Gr

9、eek from archi- ( ARCH-) + tekton builder拓展：architecturecontinental拓展：intercontinental transcontinentalface1. n. 脸、表情a) pretty/beautiful/handsome etc b) round/oval/squarec) thin/narrow d) pale/darke) sad/seriousf) happy/smiling Shelley looked at the childrens happy faces.g) a grinning face He looked

10、 down at the boys grinning face.h) angry Beths angry face stared fiercely at her husband.i) worried/anxious My father watched us go with a worried face.j) puzzled He looked at his sons puzzled face.k) blank/impassive: showing no emotion or thoughts What was she really thinking behind that blank face

11、?l) wrinkled His wrinkled face must once have been handsome.m) a long face an unhappy expression Whats the long face for?2. vt. 面对a) face a problem She told me about some of the problems she was facing.b) face a difficulty The hotels owners were facing financial difficulties.c) face a challenge The

12、coal industry faces serious challenges.d) face a danger He has the courage to face danger in spite of fear.e) face an uncertain/difficult future The company is facing an uncertain future.3. be faced with something 面临a) _ with a new challenge, we have to study harder. A. FaceB. Facing C. FacedD. To f

13、aceb) 句型转换_Facing the difficult situation, I decided to ask my parents for advice_，I decided to ask my parents for advice.4. face up to something phrasal verb：接受现实并面对、处理Theyll never give you another job; you should face up to it.She had to face up to the fact that he was guilty.5. in (the) face of c

14、ompetition (from somebody/something) 面临的挑战l 高考真题1. The _ on his face told me that he was angry. （06湖北）A. impression B. sight C. appearance D. expression2. _ achievement, last weeks ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low, though not failing, grade. （06湖南）A. In terms of B. In case of C. As a

15、 result of D. In face of3. _with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. （2006年 四川）A. FacedB. FaceC. Facing D. To face4. Faced with a bill for $10,000, _.（06陕西）A. John has taken an extra jobB. the boss has given john an extra jobC. an extra job has been takenD. an extra job has been

16、 given to John be located in/near etc something PLACE to be in a particular position or place SYN be situated教材原文Paris is the capital and largest city of France, situated on the River Seine.(教材 P2) (1) situated on the River Seine为形容词短语作定语。situated同义located。形容词短语作定语时，一般后置， 相当于一个定语从句。Tom, dressed in h

17、is favorite clothes，went to school happily. (2) besituated in/on/to. = be located in/on/to. = lie in/on/to.(3) 形容词作定语一般置于名词前。(4) 形容词修饰不定代词时要后置。Nothing serious happened.没肴发生严重的事情。(5) 以a*开头的表语形容词作定语时要后置。The boy asleep is my younger brother.(6) 成对的形容词作定语时要后置。She has many pencils, blue and red.(7) 作形容词时

18、，放在名词前后均可。I have enough food.I have books enough. 高考真题Ideally _ for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue，the New York Park hotel is a favourite with many guests.(上海高考）A. locatingB. being locatedC. having been located D. locatedmountain rangea group of mountains or hills, usually in a linepopular教材原文 T

19、he most popular place for tourists is the Eiffel Tower, the famous symbol of Paris. 教材 P2 用法(1) Jeans are popular among the young, (adj.受欢迎的) (2) Idlike to listen to popular music while working. (Adj. 流行的)(3) The prices of houses and goods are issues of popular concern, adj.大众的，普遍的）(4) Itspopularly

20、believed that John is innocent. （adv.普遍地）(5) Her books have grown in popularity recently, (n. 受欢迎的状态，流行，普及) (6) The use of personal computers should be popularized.（使受欢迎; 使普及） because教材原文 Florence is an Italian city which became famous because of the Renaissance. 近义词解析 词条含义位置闯法because of因为，由于主句前或后在句

21、中一般用作状语owing to由于，因为主句前或后作状语，所引导的短语修饰全句，置于主句后 时，严格讲应用逗号与 主句隔开due to由于主句后在句中多用作表语或 定语as a result of由于主句前或后用作状语on account of因的 缘故，由于主句前或后用作状语thanks to幸亏，多亏大多位于主句 前，也可位于 主句后用作状语，可以用于正面含义“谢谢”，也可用 于讽刺口吻(1) They had to stay at home because of the heavy rain. (2) Owing to my absence, they had to put off th

22、e class meeting till next week.(3) Hisfailure is due to the fact that he lacks of experience. (4) As a result of the pilots strike，all flights had to be cancelled.(5) The train arrived late on account of a heavy snow. (6) Thanks to your help, I passed the test.(7) Ive got confused，thanks to your dis

23、turbance.高考真题Jenny nearly missed the flight _ doing too much shopping.(全国高考 ) A. as a result ofB. on top ofC. in front ofD. in need ofnone词条含义 用法备注.none没有一 人，没有个可接of短语；做主语时，口语 或非正式文体中，谓语用复 数，正式的书面语中用单数可用来回答how many/ much 提问 的句子no one没有一人不接of短语，谓语用单数， 只指人nobody没有人只指人，不接of短语用来回答who引 导的问句核心短语：be famous

24、 forsecond largest cityever sincein commonrefer to重点语法：被动语态被动语态可以理解为“主语+系动词+主语的状态、属性”其他常见系动词 look，sound，feel，smell， taste, appear, seem, go，prove, become，keep主动表被动表示开始、结束、运动的词，如 begin，start，finish, open, close， stop，end, shut，run, move This coat dries easily. The match wont catch.表示主语的某种属性、特征的动词，如 r

25、ead, write, act, cut, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, close, look，eat，dry，drink, catch 等The books are printing.The meat is cooking. 少数动词用于进行时，其主动形 式表示被动含义，如print, cook, fry, hand，build, make 等介词 in/on/under/beyond 等 + 名词”构成介词短语表示被动意义under treatment, under control, under repair, under construction, in

26、 print, on show, beyond belief主谓一致1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class. (三班是

27、好班) 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glas

28、ses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复

29、数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be

30、here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去

31、那里) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上

32、的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,population一词又有特殊情况： Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之

33、三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)Module 2 Developing and Developed Countries重点概括：核心词汇：develop, income, reduce, position, encourage, figure, use 核心短语：up to, make sure, make efforts, agree to重点语法：连词but however although while补充语法：完全倒装; with phrase核心词汇：developincomereducepositionencouragefigureuse核心短语：up tomake suremak

34、e effortsagree to重点语法：动词分类：逻辑连接词(1) 用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and , not onlybut also, neithernor等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。(2) 表示在两者之间选择一个, 常用的连接词有or,otherwise,or else,eitheror等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。(3) 表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折, 常用的连接词有but,yet,still ,however等,

35、前后分句时态一致。(4) 说明原因, 用连接词for ,前后分句时态一致。(5) 表示结果,用连接词so, 前后分句时态一致。补充语法倒装：谓语的一部分或者全部放在主语之前的句子称为倒装句。1、THERE BE句型以及以here、there开头的句子。如： There are a lot of children in the showroom. (在展览室里有许多的小孩。)/ Here comes the bus. (公交车来了。) / There goes the bell. (铃响了。) / The door opened and in came Mr Lee. (门开了,李先生走了进来。

36、)2、用“So / Nor / Neither + 助动词 + 主语”倒装结构表示第二个人物的情况与上文的人物情况相同。如：Tom went to the beach last week, and, so did I. (Tom上个星期去了海滩,我也是。) / Li Meis bought nothing from the shop. Neither has Jim. (李梅没有在店里买什么,Jim也没有买。)3、在疑问句中,通常使用在主语之前安放助动词的倒装方法,对主语提问除外。如：How did he find the lost book? (他是怎么样找到丢失的书的？) / Where

37、are they going to spend the summer vacation? (他们打算到哪儿过暑假？)4、感叹句中通常将被感叹的部分前移,而将句子的主谓语整体后置。 如：What a beautiful flower (it is)! (那是多漂亮的花！)5、有引号引用某人的原话时,引号外面的主谓一般采用倒装形式放在句尾,但是,若主语是代词则不倒装。如：“What on earth are you doing up there?” said the father. (父亲说：“你在上边到底干什么？”) / “What on earth are you doing up there

38、?”he said. (他说：“你在上边到底干什么？”)with 短语“with复合结构”可以表示伴随情况、方式、原因、时间或条件等，在句中除作状语外,也可作定语。 with复合结构的构成：with + 宾语 + 宾补宾补可能是：n., adj., adv.,介词短语，v-ing, v-ed, to do几种复合结构形式所表示的含义with+n. + doing宾语与宾补之间为主动关系， 表示正在发生的动怍with+N. + done宾语与宾补之间为被动关系， 表示动作已经完成with+n. + to do常用不定式的主动形式作宾补，表示将来的动作He died with his son ye

39、t a student.他死的时候，他的儿子还是一个学生。I used to sleep with the window open.我过去习惯开着窗子睡觉。He went out with all the lights on.他开着灯就出去了。Our teacher came in with a book in his hand.我们老师进来了，手中拿着一本书。We found her house easily with the little boy leading the way.由这个小男孩带路，我们很容易地找到了她的家。With all the things she needed bou

40、ght,she went home happily.买了所有需要的东西后，她高兴地回家了。With so many things to deal with, I cant go on holiday. 有这么多事情要处理，我不能去度假。The soldier stood there，with a gun in his hand.(作状语） 那个士兵站在那里，手中拿着一把枪。The soldier with a gun in his hand is my friend.(作定语） 手中拿着枪的那个士兵是我的朋友。The manager was very happy with so many pr

41、oblems settled. (作状语)如此多的问题都已解决，那位经理很高兴。Module 3 The Violence of Nature重点概括：核心词汇：experience, cause, travel, happen, occur, destroy, furniture, average, strike核心短语：find out, more than, pick up, take off, leave sb./sth, by the time, end up重点语法：过去完成时补充语法：间接引语核心词汇：experiencecausetravelhappenoccurdestroy

42、furnitureaveragestrike核心短语：find outmore thanpick uptake offleave sb./sthby the timeend up重点语法：过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。过去完成时时间状语有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last)或者由when,before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already, just, once, ever, never等词语,

43、也会有for 或since构成的时间状语。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(当老师来的时候他们已经打扫完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他发觉那个妇女是个骗子时她已经走掉了)过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、after引导的从句中,或者从句是before引导的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness

44、.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠)补充语法直接引语变间接引语1、直接引语和间接引语：在陈述句中,直接引用说话人原来的语句,称为直接引语。在书写时,直接引语用引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容,称为间接引语。2、直接引语改变为间接引语：1、直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时应注意以下各点：不用引号,而用连接词that,但有时可省略。人称作相应变化；主句里的动词如果是过去时,间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变： 一般现在时变一般过去时；一般将来时变过去

45、将来时；现在进行时变过去进行时；现在完成时变成过去完成时；一般过去时变成过去完成时；但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用,则时态不变。如：He says, I am not from the USA.”He says that he is not from the USA. Mr Smith said to his girl friend,“ I haven t seen you for a long time.” Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用从属连接词whether或if引导,词序要改变。如：Lin Tao said to Miss Green, Is it made in China?” Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China. 3、直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用疑问词引导,词序是：连词+主语+谓语。 如：Lucy said to me, “How