2022年外文翻译--太阳能空调系统综述_有太阳能空调吗.doc

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1、外文翻译-太阳能空调系统综述_有太阳能空调吗翻译原文 A Review on Solar Powered Air Conditioning System Ravi Gugulothu, Naga Sarada Somanchi, Hima Bindu Banoth and Kishan Banothu Abstract The twenty first century is rapidly becoming the perfect energy storm, modern society is faced with volatile energy prices and growing envi

2、ronmental concerns as well as energy supply and security issues. One of the greatest challenges facing mankind in the twenty first century is energy. Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas have been the main energy resources for everything vital for human society. The burning of fossil

3、 fuels has caused and is causing damage to the environment of earth. By 2050 the demand for energy could double or even triple as the global population grows and developing countries expand their economies. This has already raised concerns over potential supply difficulties, depletion of energy reso

4、urces and expediting environmental impacts like ozone layer depletion, global warming and climate change etc. The most abundant energy resource available to human society is solar energy. The utilization of solar energy is as old as human history. Among various types of renewable energy resources, s

5、olar energy is the least utilized. Air conditioning is essential for maintaining thermal comfort in indoor environments, particularly for hot and humid climates. Today, air conditioning comprising cooling and dehumidification has become a necessity in commercial and residential buildings and industr

6、ial processes. During the summer, the demand for electricity greatly increases because of the extensive use of air-conditioning systems. This is a source of major problems in the countrys electricity supply and contributes to an increase of CO2 emissions causing the environmental pollution and globa

7、l warming. On the other hand, vapour compression air conditioning systems have impacts on stratospheric ozone depletion because of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and the hydro fluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants. The use of solar energy to drive cooling cycles is attractive since the cooling load is rou

8、ghly in phase with solar energy availability. To cool with solar thermal energy, one solution is to use an absorption chillier using water and lithium bromide solution. Solar air conditioning systems help to minimize fossil fuel energy use. Among the evolving energy efficient air conditioning techno

9、logies are liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) systems, which have showed promising performance during the past decades and are believed to be a strong competitor with the widely used conventional air conditioning systems (CAC). Desiccant evaporation cooling technology is environmental friendly

10、 and can be used to condition the indoor environment of buildings. Unlike conventional air conditioning systems, the desiccant air conditioning systems can be driven by low grade heat sources such as solar energy and industrial waste heat. In this study, a focus is made on reduction in Air Condition

11、ing capacity, fuel savings and emission reductions attainable through the use of solar energy. Keywords:SolarEnergy, Desiccant Air ConditioningSystem, Humidification and. Dehumidification, Conventional Air Conditioning; 1. Introduction As a kind of renewable energy, solar energy is paid more and mor

12、e attention in the world. Solar system can be classified into two categories; those are thermal systems which convert solar energy to thermal energy and photovoltaic systems which convert solar energy to electrical energy. However, more solar radiation which falling on photovoltaic cells is not conv

13、erted to electricity, but either reflected or converted to thermal energy. This method leads to a drop of electricity conversion efficiency due to an increase in the photovoltaic cells working temperature. In the past century, scientific community has devoted much effort to procure energy sustainabi

14、lity of housing in two main directions; those are reducing external energy supply and using renewable energy for the remaining. In both ways, solar resources are gaining popularity because they increase energy independence and sustainability at the same time offering nearly zero impact to the enviro

15、nment. The modern comfort living conditions are achieved at the cost of vast energy resources. Global warming and ozone depletion and the escalating costs of fossil fuels over the last few years to the design and control of building energy systems. Solar energy is abundant and clean, it is meaningfu

16、l to substitute solar energy for conventional energy. Solar energy therefore has an important role to play in the building energy systems. The increasing scarcity and cost of fossil fuels and incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have led to a growing interest in solar energy. Solar energy i

17、s widely affordable and has the capability to meet household demand over the year. Unfortunately, its intermittency and variability with weather conditions, time and seasons lead to a mismatch between heating demand and solar energy availability. Air conditioning systems are installed in buildings t

18、o provide the occupants with healthy and productive environments. Considerable amount of energy is consumed in the operation of the widely used energy inefficient conventional air conditioning systems, which leads to several environmental problems that are related to energy production such as air po

19、llution, global warming and acid precipitation. From recent studies, those buildings are responsible for the consumption of around 40% of the primary energy consumption and the emission of nearly 33% of the green house gases in the world. An air conditioning system consists of components and equipme

20、nt arranged in sequential order to heat or cool, humidify or dehumidify, clean and purify, attenuate objectionable equipment noise, transport the conditioned outdoor air and recirculate air to the conditioned space and control and maintain an indoor or enclosed environment at optimum energy use. Mos

21、t of the air conditioning systems perform the following functions: a.Provide the cooling and heating energy required b.Condition the supply air, heat or cool, humidify or dehumidify, clean and purify and attenuate any objectionable noise produced by these systems c.Distribute the conditioned air, co

22、ntaining sufficient outdoor air, to the conditioned space. d.Control and maintain the indoor environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, cleanliness, air movement, sound level and pressure differential between the conditioned space and surrounding within predetermined limits. 1.1. Applic

23、ations of air conditioning system a.Institutional buildings, such as schools, colleges, universities, libraries, hospitals and nursing homes, museums, indoor stadiums, cinema theatres.etc. b.Commercial buildings, such as offices, stores and shopping centres, supermarkets,department stores, restauran

24、ts and others. c.Residential buildings, including hotels, motels, single family and multifamily low rise buildings of three or fewer stories above grade d.Manufacturing buildings, which manufacture and store products for examples medicines e.The transportation sectors like Automobiles, aircraft, rai

25、lroad cars, buses and cruising ships. etc Air conditioning systems are mainly for the occupants health and comfort. They are often called comfort air conditioning systems. 1.2. Principle of air conditioning system Figure 1 shows the window mounted air conditioning system. The cabinet is divided into

26、 indoor and outdoor compartments which are separated by insulated wall to reduce the heat transfer. The DX coil and indoor fan are in the indoor compartment. The outdoor compartment contains the compressors, condensers, outdoor fan, capillary tube and fan motor. The fan motor often has a double ende

27、d shaft which drives both fans at a time. Fig. 1. Window mounted air conditioning Return air from the conditioned space flows through a coarse air filter and is cooled and dehumidified in a DX coil and then enters the inlet of the indoor fan. In a room air conditioner, the indoor fan is a forward cu

28、rved centrifugal fan. The conditioned air is pressurised in the impeller and forced through the air passage that leads to the supply grille. The conditioned air is then supplied to the conditioned space to offset the space cooling load. Outdoor air is extracted by the propeller fan and forced throug

29、h the condensing coils, in which hot gaseous refrigerant is condensed to liquid refrigerant. During condensation, condensing heat is released to the outside through the cooling air. A portion of outdoor ventilation air is extracted by the indoor fan and mixed with the return air. The opening of the

30、outdoor ventilation air intake is adjustable. Scientists and engineers are trying to develop more efficient air conditioning systems that are capable of achieving good indoor air quality with low energy consumption rates and air pollution emissions. Among the evolving energy efficient air conditioni

31、ng technologies are liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) systems, which have showed promising performance during the past decades and are believed to be a strong competitor with the widely used conventional air conditioning systems (CAC). The air handling in air conditioning systems was moist be

32、cause of the dehumidification process in summer, so bacteria were easily propagated and developed. In addition, the air humidity in moist central air conditioning systems is seldom controlled. This causes people to feel uncomfortable in such air conditioning rooms. Solar energy driven liquid desicca

33、nt cooling air conditioning systems (LDCS) can improve indoor air quality and reduce electrical energy consumption and have been regarded highly by researchers and engineers in recent years. The desiccant based air conditioning system comes to be one of the prospective alternatives for the tradition

34、al vapour compression air conditioning systems. 1.3. Literature review Ahmed H Abdel Salam and Carey J Simonson (2020) proposed a membrane liquid desiccant air conditioning (M-LDAC) system modelled using the TRNSYS building energy simulation software. The four air conditioning systems investigated i

35、n this study are evaluated from technical, environmental and economic points of views. They found that, the energy consumption of the systems with an ERV increases as the exhaust airflow decreases. Energy consumptions of the CAC-ERV increases by 11% and M-LDAC-ERV increases by 6% when Rexhaust decre

36、ases from 1 to 0.6. When M- LDAC system is used CO2 emissions decrease by 19% compared to CAC system and CO2 reduction goes to 31 % when ERV used at Rexhaust equal to unity in the M-LDAC system. It was found that the electrical, thermal and total COPs of the M-LDAC system are 3.45, 1.95 and 0.68 res

37、pectively. In their simulation results, the M-LDAC system is a promising system from technical environmental and economic point of views. More energy savings can be achieved through the integration of an energy recovery ventilator, a solar thermal system or a heat pump with the proposed M-LDAC syste

38、m. Balghouthi M et al (2020) did computer model and simulations using the TRNSYS and EES programs with meteorological data. The system optimized for a typical building of 150 m2 area consists of a water lithium bromide absorption chiller of a capacity of 11 kW, a 30 m2 flat plate collector area tilt

39、ed 35 from the horizontal and 800 1 hot water storage tank. The simulation results show that, absorption solar air conditioning systems are suitable under Tunisian conditions. Elsherbini A L and Maheshwari G P (2020) they found that the theoretical increase in the coefficient of performance (COP) du

40、e to shading is within 2.5%, this small improvement in ideal efficiency decreases at higher ambient temperatures, when enhancements to efficiency are more needed. The actual efficiency improvement due to shading is not expected to exceed 1% and the daily energy savings will be lower. Guo J and Shen

41、H G (2020) studied a lumped method combined with dynamic model and investigated the performance and solar fraction of a solar ejector refrigeration system (SERS) using R134a. They found that, during the office working time, i.e. 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. the average COP and the average solar fraction o

42、f the system were 0.48 and 0.82 when the operating conditions are: generator temperature is 85C and evaporator temperature is 8C and condenser temperature varying with ambient temperature. This system can save up to 80% of electrical energy when compared with traditional compressor based air conditi

43、oning. Ha Q P and Vakiloroaya V (2020) studied the performance enhancement and energy efficiency improvement of a new hybrid solar assisted air conditioning system. A single stage vapour compression solar air conditioner consists of six major components; a compressor, a condenser, an expansion devic

44、e, an evaporator, a solar vacuum collector and a solar storage tank. In this new configuration a bypass line is implemented in the discharge line after the compressor to control the refrigerant mass flow rate via a two way valve while a variable speed drive is connected to the air cooled condenser t

45、o adjust the condenser fan air flow rate. From the simulation, they found that the enthalpy of refrigerant entering the expansion valve with and without the new configuration is reduced by 8.5%. Designed at steady state conditions, the compressor power consumption for the system without control and

46、the developed system are 1.45kW and 1.24kW and energy savings is 14%. The average power consumption by using the developed system is 9.7% less than that of the uncontrolled system. The average energy saving potential for the proposed approach for the compressor and condenser fan is 7.1% and 2.6%. Bo

47、th of compressor and condenser reduction can result ultimately in an increase of COP. The average supply temperature of the developed system is decreased from 13.77C to 11.44C. The average energy consumption of the newly developed system under control and the original one in summer month power consu

48、mption is less than the power usage of the uncontrolled plant. For the closed loop system under control have 7% to 14% electricity consumed by the compressor can be saved using the proposed system under multivariable control as compared to the system without control. They concluded that this new des

49、ign is promising for improving the system performance while fulfilling the cooling demands as well as achieving high energy efficiency. Ibrahim I El Sharkawy et al (2020) theoretically investigation on the performance of solar powered silica gel/water based adsorption cooling system working under Middle East region climate conditions. Two bed silica gel/water type adsorption chiller has been used. They found that the maximum cyclic average cooling capacity of the system working under Cairo and Jeddah climate conditions reaches to 14.8 kW and 15.8 kW under Aswan climate