二章节医学模式Medicalmodel.ppt
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1、二章节医学模式Medicalmodel Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望内容内容Contentsn医学模式概念及其演变n生物心理社会医学模式与健康观 n生物心理社会医学模式对医学和社会的作用DefinitionandevolutionofmedicalmodelBiopsycho-socialmedicalmodelanditsviewsofhealthImpactofbiopsychosocialmedicalmodelonmedicineands
2、ociety一、一、医学模式概念及其演变医学模式概念及其演变ConceptandEvolutionofmedicalmodel1.社会医学:模式Model in Social MedicinenInitially,conceptofmathematicallogicnHighlysimplifiedtheoreticalthinkingofthefundamentalnatureofmedicalpracticenAbstractmodel(orconceptualmodel)最初是数理逻辑概念,即用系最初是数理逻辑概念,即用系统中的一系列公式来表达形式统中的一系列公式来表达形式逻辑理论逻辑理
3、论人类在与疾病抗争和认识自身人类在与疾病抗争和认识自身生命过程中得出的对医学本质生命过程中得出的对医学本质的高度概括的高度概括抽象的思想观念和思维方法抽象的思想观念和思维方法 2.医学模式 Medical ModelKNaturalistic and Philosophical view and methodology.In line with the viewpoint and method of materialism and dialectics to observe,analysis and cope with the issues related to the health and
4、diseases.KThe core of medical model is the viewpoint of medicine,it mainly deals with the attribute,function,structure and the law of medical developmentK以医学为对象的自然观和方法论,即按照唯物即按照唯物论和辩证法的观点和方论和辩证法的观点和方法去观察、分析和处理法去观察、分析和处理有关人类的健康和疾病有关人类的健康和疾病问题。问题。K核心核心是医学观医学观,研究医学的属性、职能、结构和发展规律。TheroleofMedicalmodel?m
5、ThesoulofsocialmedicinemGuidingprinciplemTheoryaswellasmethodologytowardsHealthanddisease3.医学模式的演变过程医学模式的演变过程EvolutionofMedicalModel:神灵主义的医学模式神灵主义的医学模式(Spiritualismmedicalmodel)自然哲学的医学模式自然哲学的医学模式(Naturephilosophicalmedicalmodel)机械论的医学模式机械论的医学模式(Mechanisticmedicalmodel)生物医学模式生物医学模式(Biomedicalmodel)生物
6、生物心理心理社会医学模式社会医学模式(Bio-psycho-socialmedicalmodel)。a.神灵主义医学模式Spiritualism medical modelHow to look at health and disease?nLife and health is bestowed by the GodnDisease is caused by supernatural powersnOnce offend the gods,or disfavored by the gods,disease is in the form of the punishment by the gods
7、n Possession of evil spirits,demons or monsters etcn生命和健康由神所赐;生命和健康由神所赐;n疾病是由超自然的力量疾病是由超自然的力量所引起的;所引起的;n人触犯神灵时,疾病代人触犯神灵时,疾病代表神灵的惩罚;表神灵的惩罚;n疾病是妖魔鬼怪附体。疾病是妖魔鬼怪附体。Strategy1:drivetheevilspiritawaynThenativesofNewBritainascribesickness,drought,thefailureofcrops,misfortunes,totheinfluenceofwickedspirits.nw
8、henmanypeoplesickenanddie,theinhabitantsofadistrict,armedwithbranchesandclubs,gooutbymoonlighttothefields,wheretheybeatandstamponthegroundwithwildhowlstillmorning,believingthatthisdrivesawaythedevils;theyrushthroughthevillagewithburningtorches.SpiritualismmedicalmodelTreatment:nPraytoGodandspiritsfo
9、rbless,forgiveness&theirprotectionnResorttonaturalplantsormineralsfortreatment,mostisofemeticandcatharticnBanishthespiritsandghoststhatcauseplague治疗方法:治疗方法:n乞求神灵的祝福、乞求神灵的祝福、宽恕和保护宽恕和保护n服用具有催吐和导服用具有催吐和导泻作用的植物或矿泻作用的植物或矿物质物质n驱逐瘟神疫鬼驱逐瘟神疫鬼 b.自然哲学的医学模式Naturalistic philosophical medicalnTHEFIVEelementstheph
10、ysicaluniverse,canbereducedtofiveelements:wood,fire,earth,metal,andwater.nPhysicaluniverseasdivisibleintotwobroadcategoriesthatwerebothoppositeandcomplementary.nThetwopolesofmaterialphenomenawerelabeled,YinandYang.中国的阴阳中国的阴阳五行学病理学说建立五行学病理学说建立世界是由什么组成的?What is the world made of?Chinese Philosophy Fiv
11、e Elements support and destroy each other,coordinate to each othernMetal:cutting,hard,conductingnWood:growing,flexible,rooted,strongn Water:wet,cool,descendingnFire:dry,hot,ascending,movingnEarth:productive,fertile,potential for growth中国哲学五行相生相克、相关协调n金n木n水n火n土l阴和阳阴和阳l世界观世界观l相生相克相生相克中医对疾病的看法TCMviewof
12、diseasesuIllnessasanimbalanceoftwotypesofenergyyinandyangwhichsimultaneouslyexistineveryoneandeverythingandwithineachother.uYinrepresentsthecold,slow,orpassiveprinciple,yangrepresentsthehot,excited,oractiveprinciple.uHealthisabalancedstateandthatdiseaseisduetoaninternalimbalanceofyinandyang.l中医理论的发病
13、机制中医理论的发病机制致病的外因:externalcausesofdiseasesTheCausesofdisharmonyExternalCauses:Sixexternalevilsnwind,ncold,nheatndamp,ndryness,nfire失调的原因外因:六淫n风n寒n暑n湿n燥n火自然哲学的医学模式西方世界Naturalistic philosophical medicalnHippocrates:Airs,Waters,and Places,insteadofascribingdiseasestodivineorigin,discussestheirenvironmen
14、talcauses.nAtownsweather,drinkingwater,andsitealongthepathsoffavorablewindscanhelpaphysicianascertainthegeneralhealthofcitizens.n希波克拉底:空气、水、地域n探讨环境、天气、水、风向等与健康的关系Naturalistic philosophical medical modelnHippocrates,founder of Hippocrates,founder of medicine.He based his medicine.He based his medical
15、 practice on medical practice on observations and on the observations and on the study of the human body.He study of the human body.He held the belief that held the belief that illness had a physical and illness had a physical and a rational explanation.a rational explanation.nHe believed in the nat
16、ural He believed in the natural healing process of rest,a healing process of rest,a good diet,fresh air and good diet,fresh air and cleanliness.cleanliness.nThe first physician The first physician believes that thoughts,believes that thoughts,ideas,and feelings come ideas,and feelings come from the
17、brain and not the from the brain and not the heartheartl希波克拉底希波克拉底西方医学之父西方医学之父 The role of Hippocrates on Modern MedicinenCausesofdiseasecouldbeinternal,relatingtofaultyaspectsofdietandexercisenExternalfactors:relatingtotheforcesofclimate,winds,waterandtheseasons.n致病因素内因:饮食和锻炼方面存在问题n外因:环境因素:气候的变化,风、
18、水、季节等TheroleofHippocratesonModernMedicinenHippocratesrejectthat:diseaseshaveasupernaturalcause.firstpersontoperceivearelationshipbetweencauseandeffectinamechanisticwaynProvidingthefoundationformodernscientificnotionsofdiseasecausation.n疾病的致病因素的研究推疾病的致病因素的研究推进的医学的发展,否认疾病的进的医学的发展,否认疾病的产生是超自然力量导致的;产生是超
19、自然力量导致的;n以机械的眼光看待疾病的因果以机械的眼光看待疾病的因果关系关系n为现代医学的疾病因果理论奠为现代医学的疾病因果理论奠定了基础定了基础西方疾病学说:西方疾病学说:Westerntheoryofdiseasesnallmattercouldbereducedtothebasicelementsnearth,fire,airandwaterncold,hot,dryandwet;nfourhumourofphlegm,blood,blackbileandyellowbile.nHealth-mutualbalancenDisease-disorderl自然界万物之源自然界万物之源:水
20、、火、土、水、火、土、气气l对应冷、热、干、湿对应冷、热、干、湿l人体内的:粘液、血液、黄胆人体内的:粘液、血液、黄胆汁、黑胆汁相对应汁、黑胆汁相对应l健康、疾病、性格与四体液的健康、疾病、性格与四体液的数量、比例变化有关数量、比例变化有关l引起体液失衡的原因有先天、引起体液失衡的原因有先天、环境以及营养失调等环境以及营养失调等HumouraltheorybyHippocratesnFour*bodily*fluids:phlegm,blood,yellowbileandblackbile.nDisease,inessence,becomesastateinwhichoneofthesefou
21、rbodilyfluids(humour)*overpowers*theothers.n四体液学说:粘液、血液、黄胆汁、黑胆汁n疾病的本质是:体液之间的失衡状态SignificanceofHippocratesKThetheoryofhumouristhefirsttheorywhichattemptsto*integrate*anaturaltheoryofmetaphysicswithempiricalfirst-handobservationsofdisease.KItessentiallymarkstheoriginofthe*integration*ofWesternmedicine
22、withearlyGreeknaturalisticscience.KThepathogenesisofdiseaseisnolongermysticalandinexplicableunnaturalcauses(demons,gods,etc.)K第一次将纯粹的哲学与对第一次将纯粹的哲学与对疾病的观察结合起来疾病的观察结合起来K标志着西医与希腊自然哲标志着西医与希腊自然哲学的结合学的结合K疾病的发病机理不再疾病的发病机理不再是神秘的、无法解释的超是神秘的、无法解释的超自然力量自然力量SignificanceofHippocratesKprecededtoit:aprimarilymysti
23、calapproachtodiseasewhichwascharacterizedbytheworshipofgods,thefendingoffofevildemonsKitsuccessfullyseparatedWesternmedicinefrom-aprimarilymysticalapproachtodisease.KmarksthebeginningofarationalpathophysiologyK希波克拉底之前:疾病是希波克拉底之前:疾病是由神秘的超自然力量导致由神秘的超自然力量导致K希波克拉底及其创立的学希波克拉底及其创立的学说将西医与原始的神秘主说将西医与原始的神秘主义
24、分割开来义分割开来K标志理性病理生理学的真标志理性病理生理学的真正开端正开端c.机械论的医学模式MechanisticMedicalModelMechanisticviewofthebodynIllhealthistreatedasthemechanicalfailureofsomepartofoneormoreoftheseinterdependentsystemsandthemedicaltaskistorepairthedamage.背景BackgroundnA Shift in IdeasnGrowing acceptance of a developing scientific mo
25、del.nDevelopment of research,observation,technologynNew ways of thinking about disease and the body.n思想观念的转变n对不断发展的科学模式的日益认可n研究、观察、技术等科学和技术的不断发展n从新的角度来看待疾病和健康机械论的医学模式MechanisticMedicalModelR.Descartes笛卡尔nFromthepointofviewofmovement:nHumanbodyisamachinewithmoreparts,butnotmorealive,thananyman-madeau
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