初一英语上册语法总结很好.doc
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1、一动词be(is,am,are)的用法:说明身份,年龄,状态等。口诀:我(I)用am, 你(you)用are,is跟着他(he),她(she),它(it)。单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。变否定,更容易,be后not加上去。变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。还有一条须注意,句首大写莫忘记。be动词的用法:be动词包括“am”, “is”, “are”三种形式。第一人称单数(I)配合am来用。 句型解析析:I am+I am a student. I am a boy.第二人称(You)配合are使用。句型解析:You are+ You are my good friend. You are
2、a good person.第三人称单数(He or She or It)配合is使用。句型解析:She(He, It) is + She is a good girl. She is so cute.人称复数 (we /you/they)配合are使用。句型解析:We (You, They) are + We are in Class 5,Grade 7. You are good students.注意:1 综合解析当使用be动词的时候,前面请先加上第几人称。be动词前面的人称,是不可随意替换的。例如:I am, You are, She is,并不会出现I is, You am, She
3、 are 这样的情形。2 当只有第一人称和第二人称或第三人称时应该把第二人称或第三人称放在前例如:you and I, Tom and I 当第二人称和第三人称放在一起时把第二人称放在前面,例如:you and Tom 当三者都有时,排序为:2 3 1例如you, Tom and I练习:1. Where _ Ann . She _ here. 2. How old _ you . I _ thirteen. 3. _ you Mr Read . Yes, I _. 4. What _ your name. My name _ Ann二 情态动词Can 1 can作“能、会”解,否定式是can
4、not,缩写为cant。 “can+动词原形” “cant+动词原形” :表示某人能做或不能做某事Can 是情态动词,没有人称和数的变化。Can 表示的”能力”为现在的能力,而不是过去或将来的能力。1). for ability表示能力。例如: Can you write in English? Yes, I can. I can run fast,can you? 2). indicating acquired knowledge or skill表示获得的知识或技能。例如: Can she speak Japanese? No, she cant.她会说日语吗?不,她不会。 3). ind
5、icating permission表示许可。例如: Can I read your newspaper?我能看看你的报纸吗? Can I take you home?我送你回家行吗? We cant wear jeans at work.我们上班时不准穿牛仔裤。 4). indicating requests表示要求。例如: Can you help me with this box?你能帮我弄这个箱子吗? Can you feed the cat?你喂喂猫好吗? 5). indicating possibly表示可能性。例如: That cant be Maryshes in hospit
6、al.那不可能是玛丽她住院了。 He cant have slept through all that noise.那么吵他不可能睡得着觉。 Theres someone outsidewho can it be?外面有人会是谁呢? 6). used to make suggestions用以提出建议。例如: We can eat in a restaurant, if you like.你愿意的话,咱们可以在饭馆吃饭。 I can take the car if necessary.必要时我可以开车去。三 情态动词Would 1 Would是will的过去式,可用于各人称,表示过去时间的意志
7、、愿望和 决心等。如:I told peter that I would go along wit him.我告诉彼得我要跟他一块去。2 would用来表示现在时间时时,不论是表达说话人本身的意志或向对方提出请求,均较will婉转。如:Would you like to have a glass of wine? 你要喝杯酒吗?Would you please tell me the way to the nearest bus-stop? 注在日常会话中,I would like to和I should like to都可以说,I would like的简略式为Id like。如:yes,
8、Id like to. Yes, Id love to Yes, very much. Sorry, ai already have an appointment. 3 Would还可以表示过去习惯发生的动作I found that retired persons would often go to the park to play chess.我发现退休的人经常到公园里下棋。When he had a problem to solve,he would work at it until he found an answer.当他有个问题要解决时,他总是想办法一直到找到答案为止。练习:1 -C
9、an you speak Japanese? -No, I_A_.A. mustnt B. cant C. neednt D. may not2 The children_ play football on the road.A. cant B. can C. mustnt D. must3 -Shall we go and visit the History Museum next Sunday?A. Here you are B. Sorry, I cant C. Yes, please D. Let me try4 Excuse me. _ you please pass me that
10、 cup?A. Do B. Should C. Would D. Must5 _ you like to have another try?A. Could B. Will C. Would D. Do6 -Would you like to go boating with us? -Yes, _.A. Id like B. I want C. Id like to D. I do四 “there be”句型There be句型主要用以表达“某处(某时)有某人(某物)。”其基本结构为“There be某物(某人)某地(某时)”其中there是引导词,没有词义;主语是be后面的名词, be是谓语
11、动词,在一般现在时中be只用is和are两种形式。There be句型中的be动词如何确定呢?请先看看下面这首歌诀:Be动词,有三个,am,is还有are。“There be”真特别,不留am只留俩,那就是is还有are。要用is还是are,须看其后的名词是单数还是复数。若是单数或不可数名词用is,否则就用are。如:There is a tree behind the house.There is some water(水)in the bottle(瓶子).There are some pears in the box.(3)注意:如果“be”后的主语是由and连接的两个或两个以上的名词,
12、那么be的形式要遵循“远亲不如近邻”的原则。也就是说,“be”的形式是由与它最近的那个名词来确定的。若那个名词是单数或不可数名词要用is,是复数就用are。如:There is a book and some pens on the floor.There are some pens and a book on the floor.肯定句:there is an apple on the table否定句:there isnt an apple on the table.一般疑问句: Is there an apple on the table? 回答:yes, there is. / No,
13、 there isnt特殊疑问句:what is there on the table.1. 定义:There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2. 结构:(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语.(2) There are +复数名词+地点状语.there是引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物,谓语动词be要与主语(某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时,谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。 There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。 There is a teacher and man
14、y students in our classroom.我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。 There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩,一个女孩。3.There be句型与have的区别:(1) There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下:There be表示“某处存在某物或某人”;have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”,它表示所有、拥有关系。 eg.He has two sons. 他有两个儿子。There are two men in the office. 办公室里有两个男人。(2)当have表示“包括”、“存在
15、”的含义时,There be 句型与其可互换。A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week.一个星期有七天。4 变脸一:否定句There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样,在be后加上not或no即可。注意not和no的不同:not是副词,no为形容词,not a/an/any + n. 相当于no+ n.。例如:There are some pictures on the wall. There arent any pictures on the wall. =There are no pictures on
16、the wall.There is a bike behind the tree. There isnt a bike behind the tree.=There is no bike behind the tree.5 变脸二:一般疑问句There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首,再在句尾加上问号即可,此为调整法。但同时要注意:当肯定句中有some时,要将其改为any(否定变化也一样)。看看下面两句是如何改头换面的吧:There is some water on Mars. Is there any water on Mars?There are some fish in
17、the water. Are there any fish in the water?6 变脸三:特殊疑问句There be句型的特殊疑问句形式有以下三种变化: 对主语提问:当主语是人时,用Whos+介词短语?;当主语是物时,用Whats + 介词短语?。注意:无论原句的主语是单数还是复数,对之提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。如:There are many things over there. Whats over there?There is a little girl in the room.Who is in the room? 对地点状语提问:提问地点当
18、然用Where is / are+主语?啦!例如:There is a computer on the desk. Where is the computer?There are four children on the playground. Where are the four children? 对数量提问:一般有两种句型结构:How many+复数名词+are there+介词短语?How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语?练习:五 “have got”六 序数词七 一般现在时一般现在时:1) 它表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。e.g. I go to schoo
19、l on foot. He is very busy now. 2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。e.g. He can swim. I work hard. I like watching TV. 3)表示客观真理,表示格言或警句中e.g. There are seven days in a week. The moon moves round the earth. 一 其结构按正常语序,即“主语+谓语+其它”,有时为了起强调作用,时间状语也可提前.二 其句式变化可分为两种情况 1)表示动作, 一般人称作主语的,变否定句须在动词前加助动词dont;变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词do。 T
20、hey have lunch at 12:00. They dont have lunch at 12:00. Do they have lunch at 12:00?2)单三人称做主语的,变否定句须在动词前加助动词doesnt;变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词does。Jenny speaks English very well. Jenny doesnt speak English very well. Does Jenny speak English very well? 含有be动词的要在be上做变化. E.g. Danny is a good student. Danny isnt a
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