初中英语知识要点汇总(一).doc

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1、初中英语知识要点汇总（一）1.宾语从句：怎样判断出一个从句是宾语从句？ 在动词后作宾语(动宾): Do you know where he comes from? 划线部分是动词know的宾语. .在有些接双宾结构的动词后作宾语: He asked me when we would leave. 此句中me与从句when-分别是ask的宾语。 在介词后作宾语(介宾)：Lets talk about how we solve this problem. 在Im sorry, Im afraid, Im sure等结构后的句子也被认为是宾语从句. 宾语从句需注意的时态问题:主句若是一般现在时，从句

2、根据不同情况用不同时态。He says (that) he will have a walk soon. （soon指将来，从句用将来时） The teacher asks who is the cleverest in the school. （暗指目前谁最聪明，从句用现在时） I want to know who came here late this morning. （今早已过去，从句用过去时） 主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。 He wondered if I would come. She told me that her son had got well. She said

3、 that she liked watching TV. We thought Jim was wrong. 无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。Mr. Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.宾语从句无论有何引导词，句子都要用陈述句语序。 Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?（不是will you） Do you know which sweater she is wearing? (不是is she)2.状语从句：此处所说的状语从句用法仅包括条件(if和unless

4、引导)状语从句和时间(when等引导,见下文)状语从句。状语从句需注意以下问题：主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果), unless(除非)，when(当的时候), as soon as(一就)，before, after, until, till, as(当的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。You may take a rest when you finish doing your work. （主句有情态动词）Could you look after my son after I leave home? （情态动词could是为了让语气委婉，并不指过去时，

5、从句仍用一般现在时） I will go out as soon as it stops raining this afternoon. （主句是将来时） Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives. （主句是祈使句）而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用表过去时的适当时态，如： I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars. When he got to the park, his classmates had left. My son ran

6、 towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.3.定语从句：定语从句是指修饰前面名词或代词的句子。从句前面的名词或代词叫先行词，从句中的引导词叫关系代词或关系副词。关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。 （以下所给例子凡斜体字部分均作定语从句。）She is a girl who / that is beautiful and kind-hearted.

7、 The girl who / that is tall is my sister.（以上关系词作主语，不可省略。） She is a girl (who / whom / that) I know very well. （关系词做know的宾语，可以省略。） That boy whose hair is very long is my brother. I own a bike whose price is high. (关系词whose表所属，后需接名词。前句指人，译为“这个孩子的”；后句指物，译为“这个自行车的”。）I bought a watch (which / that) I pa

8、id 100 yuan for. （指物, 作pay的宾语，可以省略。）I prefer a place which / that is clean and quiet. （关系词译为“这个地方”，主语，不可省）I prefer a place where I can live a quiet life. （关系词译为“在这个地方”，是地点副词。）I shall never forget the day when a boy helped me find my dog. （“在这一天”，是时间副词）4.wish和hope:wish既可接to do sth. 也可接sb + to do sth.

9、 也可接that从句.I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao. I wish you to join my party this Sunday. I wish (that) I could be a scientist. （注：接that从句时，从句用虚拟语气。）hope接to do sth. 或that从句. 但不接sb to do sth.I hope to receive a letter from you some day. I hope you will get well soon.I hope (that) everything g

10、oes well. （接从句时不用虚拟）5.thanks for和thanks to: Thanks for your helping me with the work. (此句表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。) Thanks to your suggestion, I didnt make such mistakes. (此句表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。)6.感官动词用法之一：see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形或ing形式。前者表全过程，后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形

11、。 I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡时有人正敲门) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听的是全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (此处有频率词often) 若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式： We saw him go into the restaurant. He was seen to go into the restaurant

12、. I hear the boy cry every day. The boy is heard to cry every day.7.感官动词用法之二：look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词，后接形容词。He looks angry. It sounds good. The flowers smell beautiful. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired. They all looked tired. 这些动词都不用于被动语态。如：The sweets are tasted

13、sweet.是错误的。 注意：如果加介词like, 则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词： He looks like his mother. That sounds like a good idea. It sounds like great fun. It smells like a flower. It tastes like salt.8.find和think部分用法: find / think + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。(代替宾从) 宾补有以下情况：.名词短语 John found his son a clever boy. 形容词短语 Mrs. Smith thinks her hus

14、band kind of lazy. 有时宾补后可接带to不定式 I found it hard to fool the girl. find后也有v-ing形式作宾语补足语。I found him reading a book just now.9.would like / want / feel like: would like，和want类似：都可接名词短语：I would like / want another three desks. 都可接带to 不定式：I would like / want to go out for a walk. 都可接sb,然后再跟带to 不定式: I w

15、ould like you to give me a hand. feel like: 后也可接名词短语：Do you feel like some tea? 后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk? I dont feel like drinking tea. 【注：feel like常用于疑问句或否定句中。】10.词序易错的短语：形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge? Nothing serious. There is something wron

16、g with the computer. I want to go somewhere warm. else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。 What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room? Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it? enough修饰形容词和副词，enough 放在后面。 This sweater is cheap enough. Nemo is old enough to work. He ran fast e

17、nough to catch up with the dog. She doesnt listen carefully enough. 11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：What do you think of ?= How do you like ? =How / What do you feel about?“你对怎么看？”(How?句中有like，是动词。) Whats the weather like in? = How is the weather in?“的天气什么样?”(What?句中有like，是介词，“像”。而How?句中无like.)12.take, cost, pa

18、y, spend区别：It + take + sb + some time + to do sth： It took us half an hour to cut down the tree. 物 + cost + sb + 钱： The bag cost me thirty yuan. 若cost后无sb, 则译作“价钱是”： The bag costs 30 Yuan. 人+ pay + sb + 钱 + for sth： I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike. (pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。切记for后接的是物，而不是人或钱。) 人 + s

19、pend + 时间/ 钱 + on sth / (in) doing sth. The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet. The girl always spends much money on her clothes. spend 有时可指“度过”：spend holiday / weekends / winter13.双宾结构：pass / give / teach / offer / lend / send / sell / call / show / buy / ask / tell 等可加双宾结构。也就是接sb + s

20、th. Pass me the book, please. He gave us some pens. 其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等也可接sth + to sb. 如: lend the book to me. buy, build等可接sth + for sb. My brother bought a dictionary for me. 另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please show it to me. 而不说show me it.14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词） Keep careful

21、when you are listening to the teacher. （斜体部分是句子，when是连词） Keep careful when listening to the teacher. （斜体部分是名词短语，when是介词） 类似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。 如：Ill wait until I hear from her. （连词） Ill wait until hearing from her. (介词) Ill wait until next Friday / September / 11:00. （接的

22、都是表时间的短语，until是介词）15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一: . 动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。The boy named Peter is my friend. 那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。此处是后置定语，划线部分起修饰作用，下同。Hes eating fried chicken. “他在吃炸鸡。”做chicken的前置定语。There is no time left. “没时间剩余了。”做time的后置定语。I have read a novel written by Lu Xun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。做后置定语。下同。He lives in a

23、house built twenty years ago. 他住在一个二十年前被建造的房子里。一般来说，定语部分不只一个词时， 常放在名词的后面。 动词ing作形容词：表示正在进行或表示功能，常作定语。 the crying boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy crying in the corner (以上表示正在进行)a sitting room, the bathing suit, a cutting machine, writing paper (本行表示功能)excited (b

24、e d about)surprised (be d at)amazed (be d at)embarrassed(be ed in)encouraged(be ed at / by)frustrated (be d of)interested (be ed in)thrilled (be ed at)terrified (be terrified at/ of / with)pleased (be d with)satisfied(be satisfied with)frightened (be ed at / of )tired (be d of)bored (be d with)relax

25、ed (无固定搭配)fascinated (be d by)annoyed (be ed with)moved (be d by)worried (be worried about)confused (be confused about)excitingsurprisingamazingembarrassingencouragingfrustratinginterestingthrillingterrifyingpleasing, = pleasantsatisfyingfrighteningtiring boringrelaxingfascinatingannoyingmovingworry

26、ingconfusing16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二： 由一些及物动词派生而来，和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。 以下词凡是译为“使”的及物动词，其ed形式的形容词都译为“感到的”，其ing形式的形容词都译为“令人(感到)的”。以下带-ed形式的词的各个短语一般都译为“对感到”。 及物动词, 后接人 ed形式及常见短语 ing形式 excite（使兴奋，使激动） surprise（使惊讶，使吃惊） amaze（使吃惊） embarrass（使尴尬） encourage(使受鼓舞, 鼓励) frustrate（使失望，使沮丧） interest（使感兴趣） thril

27、l（使激动/ 紧张） terrify（使恐怖，使害怕） please （使高兴，使满意） satisfy (使满意) frighten （使害怕，使惊惧） tire（使厌烦） bore（使厌烦） relax（使放松） fascinate（使着迷） annoy（使烦恼） move（使感动） worry（使担忧） confuse（使困惑） His words amazed me. The news frustrated us very much. (都是及物动词，后接人) His words were amazing. (修饰物) I was amazed at his words. (修饰人)H

28、ow exciting the film is! （修饰物） He was moved by the movie. (修饰人)17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语： To be a teacher is my dream. Working hard brings you success.Taking care of our environment is very important. To plant trees makes me happy. Reading books gives you knowledge. (以上各句谓语都用单数，见黑体部分) Listening and writing

29、 are both difficult. (此句主语因指两件事，谓语用复数) 18.later / after / ago / before: later“时间后”结构：时间段+later 常用于一般过去时。They went to Beijing five days later. (later前无时间段，单独在句尾，常用于将来时：Ill see you later.) after“时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和相同。They went to Beijing after five days. The dog died after a week. (after也可加句子,

30、 但主句不一定用一般过去时：Ill send you an e-mail after I get home. Return it to me after you finish it. 见2.)ago“时间前”结构：时间段+ago, 用于一般过去时。The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago. I saw it ten minutes ago. (若有since+时间段+ago，常用现在完成时：Mr. Li has worked here since 5 years ago.) before 单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前” I have bee

31、n to London before. He has seen the film before. (若是时间段+before,常用过去完成时，“前”： I had seen the film two weeks before. We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.) 19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季20.月：January, 一月； February, 二月； March, 三月； April, 四月； May, 五月；June, 六月； July, 七月；

32、 August, 八月； September, 九月； October, 十月；November, 十一月； December, 十二月。21.星期：Sunday, 周日；Monday, 周一；Tuesday, 周二；Wednesday, 周三；Thursday, 周四；Friday, 周五；Saturday, 周六。Sunday是一周的第一天， Saturday是最后一天。22.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗号。as well, 只用于句尾, 前无逗号。 注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。23.带to不定式用法之一：

33、带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词；不及物时需跟介词。The work is too hard for me to do. （work做及物动词do的逻辑宾语） I have nothing to say. （nothing做及物动词say的逻辑宾语）I have a letter to write. （letter是及物动词write的逻辑宾语） 而以下情况有介词：I have a pen to write a letter with. （ 用钢笔写信，所以要有“用”字，故加with.）The zoo is not a good place for animals to li

34、ve in. （“住在动物园里”，zoo是live in的逻辑宾语，故不及物动词live加介词in. ） Tom has no friends to talk to. （friends 是talk to的逻辑宾语，to不可少。） He runs too fast for us to catch up with. （he是catch up with的逻辑宾语，带with.） There are no seats to sit on. （坐在座位上，故sit后要加on.） 24.(a) little / (a) few: few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数, litt

35、le加不可数名词。 There is little water in the bottle, is there? (前否定，后肯定) Tom is so shy that he has few friends. a few“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数; a little“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。 Tom is not an Englishman , but he knows a little English. 另外，在too, very, so等词后用few, little; 在only, just, still等词后用a few, a little. 而quite a few

36、 / a little 都译为“很多”，分别相当于many和much. （注：有时a little.并不是固定短语。如： a little sheep译为“一只小羊”）25.及物动词+副词：put on (穿上) / put off (推迟) / put away (把整理好) / put up (举起，搭起，挂起，张贴) / put down (放下) / put out(扑灭); break down(损坏，倒塌);turn on(打开) / turn off (关闭) / turn up (调大) / turn down(关小); get back(取回); use up(用光); cu

37、t up(切碎） eat up(吃光） sell out(卖完） cheer up(振作）give away(赠送) / give out(发放) / give up(放弃) / give back(归还); pick up(捡起、拿起)try out(验证) / try on(试穿); ring up/ call up(打电话); clean up / out （打扫干净）; set up（成立）; think up（想出；想起）; hand in (上交) / hand out(分发；散发); fix up(修理); work out(算出) dress up(打扮); help out(

38、帮人解决); keep off / keep out(阻止；挡住)； take off(脱下) / take away(拿走) / take out(拿出); look up(查找) / look over(仔细查看); throw away / off (抛弃) wake up(叫醒); write down(写下); let down(使沮丧); make up(编造、组成)； set off(激起、触发)注：名词做以上短语的宾语，可放在它们中间或后边；而代词做宾语，只放在中间。26.asas用法：中间加形容词和副词原级。和一样 His room is as big as mine. He

39、 runs as fast as I do / me / I. You should keep the room as clean as your brothers.asas possible / sb can “尽可能” We went there as soon as possible. Listen to the teacher as carefully as you can. He went there as quickly as he could.有些短语有几个意思：as soon as 和一样快；一就； as much as和一样多；多达； as long as和一样长；长达；只要

40、； as well as和一样好；和一样； as far as远达；就来说 (asas在否定句中也可说soas.) 也可表示倍数： This room is twice as big as that one. 这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。27.prefer用法：prefer sth to sth 或 prefer doing sth to doing sth.“比起更喜欢” prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿也不愿 若单独一个prefer，和like 用法类似，后接 to do sth 或 doing sth “更喜欢做某事”28. some-, any

41、-, every-用法：some-“某，一些”，用于肯定的陈述句中。I have something to tell you. Maybe somebody has taken it. 若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Why not ask somebody to help you? Shall we give him something to eat? What about some milk? Could you please lend me some chairs? Will you buy me some books? May I give you some te

42、a? Would you like some milk?在一些”do some”短语中, 即使是疑问句中, some也不变为any. 如：Will you do some washing next Sunday? 这些短语有： do some shopping / cleaning / cooking / sweeping / washing 等。 any-, 在疑问句中仍译为“某，一些”Do you have anything to say？ Is anybody in the house？ Have you seen it anywhere? 在if 引导的句中，常用any. 如：If y

43、ou have any water, please give me some.在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何” You may put the box anywhere in the room. He is taller than any other student in the class. We wont have anything to eat now. every-“每”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。 Is everybody here？-No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave. The glass was broken, and the water w

44、ent everywhere.29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、 现在进行时(am / is / are + v.ing)、一般将来时(will / shall / be going to+动词原形)、 一般过去时、 过去进行时(was / were + v.ing)、 现在完成时(have / has + v. 过去分词)、 过去完成时(had + v. 过去分词)、过去将来时(would + v. 原形) 六个形式： 原形； 过去式(规则的加ed)； 过去分词(规则的加ed)； 第三人称单数(加s / es)； 现在分词(v.ing)； 带to不定式。30.if / whethe

45、r区别：if 如果(引导条件状语从句) / 是否(引导宾语从句) Do you know if he will go to the post office? If he goes there, I will ask him to buy me some stamps. 两个if, 前者“是否”；后者“如果”，观察其后时态的不同。(各见语法1、2) whether“无论”引导让步状语从句 / “是否”引导宾语从句（相当于if） 都译为“是否”时，whether可接or not, 也可接带to不定式。而if 则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。 (见语法28.)31.因为：b

46、ecause, 常是对why的回答，语气最强。位置：Because, 或, because. since, 表显然的或已知的理由Since its already late, I must go now. for, 位置：，for.语气最弱。 I drove carefully, for its snowing. as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。As I am ill, I wont go.32.表推测：must, may, might, could, can, cant must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。 There is the door bell, it must be Tom. 门铃响了，一定是汤姆(来了)。 may / might“也许”一般用于肯定句， may比might可能性大。 She is coming to us. She might be our new teacher. can / could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。 You c