第十六章-神经系统遗传病优秀PPT.ppt
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1、第十六章神经系统遗传病GeneticDiseaseoftheNervousSystemGenetic disease of nervous system 1、Introduction 2、Friedreich Ataxia 3、Spinocerebellar Ataxia(SCA)4、Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease驾驭:驾驭:1、Friedreich型型共共济济失失调调的的主主要要临临床床特征、临床表现。特征、临床表现。2、脊脊髓髓小小脑脑性性共共济济失失调调的的临临床床表表现现、诊断及鉴别诊断。诊断及鉴别诊断。熟悉:熟悉:1、Friedreich型型共共济济失失调调的
2、的病病因因、发发病机制。病机制。2、脊脊髓髓小小脑脑性性共共济济失失调调的的病病因因、发发病病机制。机制。3、腓腓骨骨肌肌萎萎缩缩症症(CMT)的的临临床床表表现现、诊断及鉴别诊断诊断及鉴别诊断。第一节GeneralIntroduction1.ConceptionGeneticdiseaseofthenervoussystem是指由于生殖细胞(germcell)或受精卵(zygote)中的遗传物质在数量、结构或功能上发生变更,使发育的个体出现以神经系统缺欠(deficiency)为主要临床表现的疾病。CongenitalDiseaseFamilyDiseaseClassificationand
3、GeneticpatternlMonogenicDisorderslPolygenicDisorderslMitochondrialDisorderslChromosomeDisorders1.Monogenicdisorders:Thebasereplacement,Insert,Deletion,repeatorabnormalexpansionofsinglegene.AutosomaldominantdisordersAutosomalrecessivedisordersX-linkeddominantdisordersX-linkedrecessivedisorders动态突变性遗传
4、CommonDiseases:Charcot-Marie-Tooth,Duchennemusculardystrophy,WilsonDisease,HereditaryAtaxia2.polygenicdisorders:areinfluencedbygenesincomplexwayswhicharepoorlyunderstoodbutinvolvetheinteractionofmultiplegenesandinteractionsbetweengenesandenvironmentalfactorsThecommonpolygenicdisorders:Epilepsy,migra
5、ineandarteriosclerosis.3.线粒体遗传病(mitochondrialdisorders)Mitochondrialdisordersarecausedbymutationofmitochondrion(numberorstructure),Theyarematernalinheritance.opticatrophyandmitochondrialencephalomyopathy.4.ChromosomedisordersChromosomedisordersarecausedbythenumberorconstructionabnormalitiesofchromos
6、ome.forexample:DownsyndromeSymptomsandphysicalsignsClinicalfeaturesareofdiversity,includecommonandspecificsymptomsCommonsymptoms:Specificsymptoms1.Commonsymptoms:MentalretardationandDisturbanceofbehaviorLanguagedysfunction,dementiaSeizure、Nystagmus,Paraesthesia(感觉异样)Involuntarymovement(不自主运动)、Ataxia
7、andDystonia(肌张力障碍)Muscleatrophy还可有五官畸形、脊柱裂、弓型足、指(趾)畸形、皮肤毛发异样和肝脾肿大;2.Specificsymptom:肝豆状核变性K-F环、共济失调毛细血管扩张症结合膜毛细血管扩张结节性硬化症面部皮脂腺瘤神经纤维瘤皮肤牛奶咖啡斑4.Diagnosis:(1).临床资料的搜集:尤其是发病年龄、性别、独特的症状和体征,如牛奶咖啡斑(2).系谱分析(pedigreeanalysis)可推断有无遗传病和区分类型(3).常规协助检查:Includebiochemistry,Electrophysiology,ImagingstudiesandPathol
8、ogy对诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义,如:假肥大型肌养分不良血清学;肝豆状核变性血清铜兰蛋白、血清铜和尿铜;腓骨肌萎缩症神经活检;脊髓小脑性共济失调,橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩的头颅MRI;(4).geneticdiagnosis:1)染色体检查(karyotypeanalysis):染色体数目异样;染色体结构畸变(constructiveaberration):2)基因诊断(genedetection):方法包括:SouthernHybridization,PCR3)Geneproductiondetection:假性肥大肌养分不良-测定肌细胞膜上抗肌萎缩蛋白(dystrophin)5.treatmen
9、tandPreventionNoeffectivetreatment基因治疗(genetherapy)是指应用基因工程技术来更换、校正或增补基因,以达到治疗遗传病的目的,但目前基因治疗还很不成熟;其他治疗包括:Operation;medicinetherapy;Diettherapy;symptomtherapy;rehabilitation。Prevention:important遗传询问(geneticcounseling);避开近亲结婚;携带者检测(carrierdetection);产前诊断;选择性人工流产(selectiveabortion);其次节hereditaryataxia1
10、.Conception:HereditaryataxiaisagroupofinheritedanddegenerativedisordersofCNS.Characterizedbyslowlyprogressiveataxia.Thesedisordersshowconsiderableclinicvariability.But,geneticbackground,ataxiaandspinocerebellarlesionaremainlyclinicalfeaturesofthem.2.Classification:Traditionalclassificationbypatholog
11、icfindings:SpinalAtaxia;SpinocerebellarAtaxia;Cerebellarataxia;Newclassificationbytheonsetofage,clinicalfeatures,Geneticpatternandlocationofgenemutation(参考表16-1)byHarding(1993)p.270Friedreich型共济失调Friedreichreportthisdiseasefirstlyin1863,Itsincidencerateis2/100000,Itisaearly-onsetataxiaandtransmitted
12、byautosomalrecessiveinheritance1.EtioligyandPathogenesisFriedreichataxia(FRDA)是由位于9号染色体长臂(9q13-21.1)基因缺陷所致。95%以上的病人有该基因第18号内含子(intron)GAA异样扩增(661700次),正常人GAA重复42次以下,扩增的GAA形成的异 样 螺 旋 结 构 可 抑 制 基 因 转 录(genetranscription)。Friedreich共 济 失 调 的 基 因 产 物Frataxin蛋白主要位于spinalcord、Skeletonmuscle、heart and live
13、r 细 胞 线 粒 体(mitochondrion)的内膜,可导致线粒体功能障碍而发病。2.PathologyPosteriorcolumnsandlateralcolumnofspinalcordaremainlyinvolved,thespinalcordisthin,especiallyinthoracalspinalcord。Microscopecanfindthatcelllossofposteriorcolumn,spinocerebellartract,pyramidaltractdegenerate,dorsalrootgangliaandClarkescolumn;perip
14、heralnervedemyelinationandgliosis;brainstem、cerebellumandbrainarerarelyinvolved;Cardiomyopathyandheartcellhypertrophy。3.clinicalfindings(1)The age of onset is 8-15 years oldercommonly,withmoreexpandedrepeatscorrelatingwithearlieronset。(2).Theinitialsymptomisprogressivegaitataxia,followedbyataxiaofal
15、llimbswithin2years.usually,bothlegsareaffectedsimultaneously,difficultyinstandingandwalkingsteadily;thehandsusuallybecomeclumsymonthoryearsafterthegaitdisorderwithintentiontremor;Dysarthricspeechappearsafterthearmsareinvolved(rarelyisthisanearlysymptom)。(3)Physicalexamination:可见水平眼震(horizontalnystag
16、mus),垂直性(vertical)和旋转性(rotatory)眼震较少;双下肢肌无力,肌张力低(muscletonedecreased),跟膝胫试验(Heel-knee-shin)和闭目难立征(Rombergsign)阳性;下肢音叉振动觉(vibrationsense)和关节位置觉(jointpositionsense)减退是早期体征;后期可有Babinskisign,Muscleatrophy,occasionally,sphincterdistubances;约 25%患 者 有 视 神 经 萎 缩(opticatrophy);75%有上胸段脊柱侧(kyphoscoliosis),50%
17、有弓形足(pescavus);85%有心律紊乱、心脏杂音;10%20%伴有糖尿病(diabetes)。(4)通常起病15年后卧床(bedridden),多于4050岁死于感染或心脏病。4.investigativestudies(1).skeletonfilmshowskeletalabnormalities;CT或MRI示脊髓变细,cerebellumandbrainstemarerarelyinvolved;(2).心电图(electrocardiograph):常有T波倒置、心律紊乱及传导阻滞;(3).Echocardiography:Hypertrophy;(4).视 诱 发 电 位(
18、visual evoked potential):Amplitudedecreased;(5).脑脊液(cerebrospinalfluid):normalprotein;(6).DNA分析FRDA基因18号内含子GAA大于66次重复。5.Diagnosisanddifferentialdiagnosis(1).Diagnosis:Earlyonset;SlowlyProgressiveAtaxiafrombothlegstoarms;Dysarthria,Nystagmus,tendonreflexabsentandBabinskisign;lossofvibratoryandjointpo
19、sitionsense;Kyphoscoliosis,Pesvacus,heartlesion;MRI显示脊髓萎缩,则不难诊断;FRDA基因GAA异样扩增,可确定诊断。(2)不典型病例需与其他疾病鉴别慢 性 变 性 疾 病 和 脱 髓 鞘 性 疾 病(demyelinativedisease),Charcot-Marie-ToothDisease;还应与VitE缺乏和-脂蛋白缺乏引起的共济失调鉴别,后两者可查血清VitE和-脂蛋白的含量以鉴别之。6.treatmentnoeffectivetreatmentisavailable,轻症病人赐予支持疗法,康复(rehabilitation)治疗;
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