四级阅读理解长难句子特点.ppt

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1、四级阅读理解长难句子特点 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望长难句 v从真题中一篇阅读理解的首句也可以看出四级阅读中部分句子的结构的复杂程度。vA breakthrough(突破)in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community(EEC)could be brought forward by up to two decades,if a modest

2、increase could be provided in the EECs research effort in this field,according to senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan.A breakthrough(突破突破)in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community(EEC)could

3、 be brought forward by up to two decades,if a modest increase could be provided in the EECs research effort in this field,according to senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan.按照按照在米兰附近伊斯普拉的欧洲经济共同体实在米兰附近伊斯普拉的欧洲经济共同体实验室的高级科学家所进行的

4、太阳能实验验室的高级科学家所进行的太阳能实验,如果如果欧洲经济共同体在此领域的研究能力有适度欧洲经济共同体在此领域的研究能力有适度的提高的话的提高的话,一项一项关于为欧洲经济共同体在太阳能提供方面关于为欧洲经济共同体在太阳能提供方面的的突破突破便可以在二十年内便可以在二十年内得以实现得以实现。长难句 v实用的原则：实用的原则：找句子的主干找句子的主干 修饰成分全找出来之后，用括号把每个修饰修饰成分全找出来之后，用括号把每个修饰成分括起来，留在括号外面的就是主干成分括起来，留在括号外面的就是主干 然后，按照一般顺序，谓语在前，宾语（或然后，按照一般顺序，谓语在前，宾语（或表语）在后，这样我们就有

5、了主谓宾（或主表语）在后，这样我们就有了主谓宾（或主系表）的主干结构了最后把修饰成分按对系表）的主干结构了最后把修饰成分按对应的位置加上去，整个句子的结构就把握住应的位置加上去，整个句子的结构就把握住了。了。长难句常涉及的类型长难句常涉及的类型1.双重否定句双重否定句 负负得正，把两个表示否定的结构都负负得正，把两个表示否定的结构都去掉。去掉。No,not,hardly,seldom,never little,few,small 应注意的词根词缀 de-/dis-/un-/in-There are probably no questions(that)we can think up that

6、cant be answered,sooner or later,including even the matter of consciousness.Answer:Man can find solutions sooner or later to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up.长难句常涉及的类型 2.分词做状语类分词做状语类（主干，现在分词、过去分词）（主干，现在分词、过去分词）Eg.1 Motivated in part by Christian compassion for the helpless as wel

7、l as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement,Chancellor Bismarck created the worlds first workers compensation law in 1884.Motivated by-Chancelloer BismarkQ:The worlds first compensation law was introduced by Bismark _源于部分动机是基督徒对于无助者的怜悯和以削弱社会主义工人运动支持的政治动

8、机,俾斯麦首相于1884年创建了世界上第一个工人赔偿法。Answer:out of religious and political considerations.解决方法解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。与主语之间是被动关系。长难句常涉及的类型3.定语从句类定语从句类规律：找真正的谓语动词时，规律：找真正的谓语动词时，如果定语从句修如果定语从句修饰主语，找第二个可以做谓语的动词，第一饰主语，找第二个可以做谓语的动词，第一个是属于定语从句的谓语动词。个是属于定语

9、从句的谓语动词。Tips.先括出定语从句部分，跳出从句，抓住主干再解题。The mother of the young man Wilde was intimate with accused him at the banquet of sexually influencing her son.v与王尔德有亲密关系的年轻人的母亲在宴会上指责他（王尔德）在性方面影响她的儿子。长难句常涉及的类型4.倒装句类倒装句类类型 1）only/not only/nor/neither在句首2）介词短语在句首 较难Example:Along with them goes social mobility,ambi

10、tion to rise in the urban world,a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century.社会流动性随着他们一并而来,野心在城市的世界中增长,它是一个带动19世纪欧洲出生率下降的主要因素。找主语 along with-prep them-objective form so,social mobility 后面两个同位语Tips:分析词性找出谓语与主语，将主语调至谓语之前再理解文章。长难句涉及的类型 5.it的句型的句型强调句型强调句型 It isthat 应对方法：多训练，熟悉

11、句式，把读到过的四级文章中的所有的看不懂的长难句全部总结起来，摘抄到一个本子上面，翻译。当翻译到100句的时候，会发现长难句不过那么五六种。当看到101句的时候，你会马上给它归类。v四级长难句特点四级长难句特点1、主语拉长、主语拉长v一般来讲，汉语主语比较简短。相比之下，英语中主语一旦拉长，就会增加读者的理解难度。v解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。例如：vThe streams,lakes,meadows(草地),mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears hav

12、e also attracted more people to the region.（2005.6）首先，把原句子分解为两个简单独立的句子：（1）The streams,lakes,meadows(草地),mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地 （2）have also attracted more people to the region.吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。其次，句子整合翻译：溪流、湖泊、草地

13、、山脉、森林，这些不仅使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地，而且吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。2 分词短语打头，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式v分词短语（包括现在分词和过去分词）做状语，这一句式比较常见，读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系，所以理解上有难度。并且分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分，理解上就更为困难。v解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。例如：vOperating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond,Pennsylv

14、anis,the Conservancys Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection.（2005.6）v翻译：在宾西法尼亚州的朗庞德村庄有一栋上百年历史的校舍，大自然保护协会的成员巴德-库克就在这里办公，他与当地人民和商业领导合作，以努力平衡好经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。注意：介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。例如：In a time of low academic achievement by children

15、in the United States,many Americans are turning to Japan,a country of high academic achievement and economic success,for possible answers.（2005.1）v翻译：有一段时间，美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意，许多人于是转向日本，想从中寻求可能的解决办法，因为日本不仅经济实力强，而且学术成就也很高。v特别注意不定式to位于句首表目的，一定是考试重点。例如：v原文：To prepare children for successful careers in first

16、 grade and beyond,Japanese schools do not teach reading,writing,and mathematics,but rather skills such as persistence,concentration,and the ability to function as a member of a group.(2005.1)v翻译：为了使孩子能在一年级和以后有良好的表现，日本的学校并不教授阅读、写作、和算数，而是教孩子们诸如毅力、注意力和群体合作能力等技巧。v考题：In Japans preshcool education,the foc

17、us is onvA.preparing children academically v B.developing childrens artistic interestsvC.tapping childrens potential v D.shaping childrens character3、多个谓语动词连用v简单句之所以简单是因为成分单一便于读者理解。而四级阅读理解中，出题人为增加阅读难度，就会把几个谓语动词放在一个句子当中。但是无论局势如何变化，英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。v解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词

18、。剔除细枝末节之后，句子也就好理解了。例如：vScratchy throats,stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery,but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感)may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.（2005.1）v解析：此句是由but引导的并列句。前面一句话容易理解，谓语动词是spell,关键看后一句话。but引导的句子黑体下划线是主语，该句子真正谓语动词是may make，如下面所示：vbut being

19、able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感)may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.v翻译：喉咙发痒、鼻塞、浑身酸痛都令人痛苦，但是能够确定造成这种痛苦的根源是普通感冒还是流感，对这种痛苦能折磨你多就会起关键作用。4、举例作为插入语 （显著词such as;for example;including etc.）v插入语主要起补充或说明的作用，我们在进行快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。但是，笔者在这里要提出的一点是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上

20、插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往就在此处。例如：v原文：Finally,other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid,material resources,and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.v考题：Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example ofvA.instrumental support v B.inf

21、ormational supportvC.social companionship v D.the strengthening of self-respectv（1）Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose,runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually,and adults and teens often do not get a fever.（2005.1）v翻译：普通感冒患者的一些典型症状，如鼻塞、流鼻涕、喉咙发痒，发作比较缓慢，成人和青少年患者一般不会有发热症状。v（2）And in gen

22、eral,flu symptoms including fever and chills,sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms.（2005.1）v翻译：一般来说，流感症状包括发烧、发冷、喉咙发痒、浑身疼痛，比普通感冒的症状来得突然和猛烈。v注意：举例有时可以换成短语，如介词短语、不定式短语等等；还可以换成有两个破折号引起的插入语成分。例如：vIt is 37 years later.Stokoenow devoting his time to writing and

23、editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and deaf cultureis having lunch at a caf near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.(2004.6)v时间过了37年。现在Stoloe致力于撰写和编辑关于美国手语和聋哑人文化的书籍和杂志，以及制作相关的录像材料。5、并列句连用使得句子变长（主谓宾都可以并列）并列句是四级阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过

24、剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。v解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。例如：vTo make matters worse for the government,it soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office,and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governmen

25、ts policy regarding landmines.(2004.6)v翻译：对政府来说，更糟糕的是，不久得知的消息是，王妃的安哥拉之行得到过外事办的批准，并且她事实上非常了解安哥拉的形势和英国政府关于地雷的政策。v相当于拆分成三个句子：v(1)To make matters worse for the governmentv(2)It soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office.v(3)It soon emerged that she was in fact very well

26、-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines.6、多重复合句叠加v 所谓多重复合句叠加，就是说一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。v解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。通常采用图表法。例如：v（1）Then there is the general,all covering apology,which avoids the necessity of identifying a specif

27、ic act that was particularly hurtful or insulting,and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again.(2006.1)v结构图：vvvv说明：v=then there is the general,all covering apologyv=which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific actv=and which the person should promise never to do a

28、gainv=that was particularly hurtful or insultingv=Who is apologizingv显然，原句子是由有there be引导做主句，后面跟了两个which 引导的定语从句，两者是并列的。比较特殊的是which定语从句中有各自有一个定语从句，像是一个连环套。v分解为以下几个句子：v1.Then there is the general,all covering apologyv2.Which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific actv3.That was particularly hu

29、rtful or insultingv4.And which the personv5.Who is apologizingv6.Should promise never to do againv翻译：v1.然后就有了一种一般意义的、无所不包的道歉v2.这种道歉避免了一种指明特别行为的必要性v3.特别是让人伤心或者令人委屈的行为v4.这种道歉使得人们v5.道歉的人们v6.承诺以后不再犯类似的行为v句子整合翻译：然后还有一种泛泛的无所不包的道歉，这种道歉避免了一种指明特别让人伤心、特别令人委屈的、道歉者应该保证以后不会再犯的具体行为。v例子例子:2011年年12月月vPassage oneQue

30、stions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.1.Boys schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involve them in activities such as art,dance and music.2.Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity(阳刚阳刚),the absence of girls gives boy

31、s the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereotype.a US study says.3.Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness,rather than feeling they had to conform to the boy code

32、of hiding their emotions to be a real man.4.The findings of the study so against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.支持句支持句 Q57v Tony Little,headmaster of Eton,warned that boys were being faded by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls.He

33、criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls.vThe research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.vBut in single-sex schools teache

34、rs can tailor lessons to boys learning style,letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom,wrote the studys author,Abigail James,of the University of Virginia.v Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with boy-focused approaches suc

35、h as themes and characters that appeal to them because boys generally have more acute vision learn best through touch,and are physically more active,they need to be given hands-on lessons where they are allowed to walk around.Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine(女性的女性的)and prefer t

36、he modem genre(类型类型)in which violence and sexism are major themes,James wrote.vSingle-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be masterful and in charge in relationships.In mixed schools boys feel compelled to act like men befor

37、e they understand themselves well enough to know what that means,the study reported.v Its an annual argument.Do we or do we not go on holiday?My partner says no because the boiler could go,or the roof fall off and we have no savings to save us.I say you only live once and we work hard and whats the

38、point if you cant go on holiday.The joy of a recession means no argument next year-we just wont go.vSince money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees,we should be grateful.For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday A YouGov poll

39、of 2,000 people found 22%said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money.Whats less clear is whether divorce and separation rates rise in a recession-financial pressures mean couples argue more but make splitting up less affordable.A recent research shows arguments ab

40、out money were especially damaging to couples.Disputes were characterized by intense verbal(言语上的言语上的)aggression,tended to be repeated and not resolved and made men,more than women,extremely angry.例子例子:2011年年12月月Passage twoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.v Kim Stephenson,an occu

41、pational psychologist,believes money is such a big deal because of what it symbolizes,which may be different things to men and women.People can say the same things about money but have different ideas of what its for.he explains.Theyll say its to save to spend,for security,for freedom,to show someon

42、e you love them.He says men are more likely to see money as a way of buying status and of showing their parents that theyve achieved something.vThe biggest problem is that couples assume each other know whats going on with their finances,but they dont.There seems to be more a taboo(禁忌禁忌)about talking about money than about death.But you both need to know what youre doing,whos paying what into the joint account and how much you keep separately.In a healthy relationship,you dont have to agree about money,but you have to talk about it.