英语语法时态 一般现在时.docx
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1、英语语法时态一般现在时第一人称单复数或第二人称单复数、第三人称复数都用动词原形,第三人称单数需要+SBe 动词(Iam , You/they-are, He/she/itis )eg: I finish my homework.You eat my ice cream.We/ they join in the club.He/ she plays the viloin.助动词(I/You/ theydo, he/ shedoes )eg:I work.Do I work?I dont work.You work.Do you work?3 .谓语动词是 hope , take care tha
2、t, make sure that 等 后的宾语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.4 .这种时态可以和一个时间短语连用以表示已确定的、对将 来的安排:如:The boys start school on Monday.男孩们星期一开学。I leave to night.我今天晚上动身。5 .这一用法代替了较常用的现在进行时态:如:The boys are starting school on M
3、onday.男孩儿们星 期一就要开学了。Im leaving to night.我今天晚上就动身。6 .这两种时态之间的差异是:一般现在时比现在进行时具有的个人色彩更少Tm leaving tonight通常可能含有我决定离开的意思,但I leave tonight可指这是计划的一局部,但计划不一定是我订的。一般现在时要比现在进行时听起来更为正式。计划开办一 个新分店的百货商店很可能说Our new branch opens next week(本店新设分店下周开业),而不说Our new branch is opening next weeko现在进行时显得累赘的地方就用一般现在时,例如在谈
4、到 像旅程安排那样的一系列预定的将来的动作时,可以这样说:We leave at six , and arrive in Dublin at ten and take the plane on.我们6点出发,10点到达都柏林,并在乘飞机而不说:We are leaving at six , arriving in Dublin at ten and taking the plane on 然而要注意,在像 My train leaves at six(我常乘坐的火车6点开)这样的句子中,用一般现在时表示习 惯性动作,这里就不能用现在进行时来代替。表过去用于某些动词(tell , say , h
5、ear, learn等)表示不确定的过 去时间:John tells me you will leave tomorrow.约翰告诉 我你明天离开。I hear that he got married again lastmonth.我听说他上个月结婚了。Mary says that you told her to come over here.玛丽说是你让她到这儿来的。当要陈述一个客观事实时,有时即使有过去时间状语也可用 般现在时:The story is set in the summer of 1937.故事的背景是 1937年夏天。The story begins in the yea
6、r 1937.故事开始于 1937 年。NO.l意义现在完成时有三个意义过去发生的动作已经完成 eg : My aunt has travelled all over the world.过去发生的动作对现在有影响I have seen the movie Godzilla and Kong, so I dont want to see it now.过去发生的动作或状态持续到现在(当表示这个意义 时,动词用的是延续性动词)I have had the dog since three days ago.NO.2基本形式现在完成时的基本形式为have/has done第三人称单数用has,第一人
7、称单复数或第二人称单复数、第三 人称复数都用haveeg : My aunt has travelled around the world.我的姑姑已经环游过世界了。(has在此处是第三人称单数 的表达)也因此,现在完成时可以翻译为已经做了I have finished my homework.(我已经完成我的作业。)N0.3句型转换现在完成时句型在应用时也会有一般疑问句和否认句的转 换情况。根据以往的学习可以知道,一般疑问句的开头通常是be 动词,情态动词或者助动词,因此在现在完成时中,一般 疑问句用助动词have/has提前即可My aunt has travelled around th
8、e world.- Has your aunt travelled around the world?(提问时 把第一人称改为第二人称)肯定回答:Yes, she has.否认回答:No, she hasnt.否认句时在助动词have/has后加not即可- My aunt has not(hasn,t) travelled around the world.NO.4搭配成分现在完成时在使用时,有一些标志性的词辨析一:already, justf yetIhave already/just finishedmyhomework.(aIready/just通常用于肯定句,表示已经 的意思)I h
9、avent finished my homework yet.(yet 表示还没有的意思时,通常用于否认句中)辨析二:次数,everf neveri have ever been to Beijing before.I have never been to Beijing.I have been to Beijing three times.(一次 once, 两次 twice, 三次three times,往上基数词+times)辨析三:for+一段时间,since +过去时间点I have stayed in Beijing for three days.(for+一段时间)I have
10、stayed in Beijing since three daysago.(since+ 一段时 间 +ago) I have stayed in Beijing since yesterday afternoon.(since +过去时 间点)I have stayed in Beijing since I was three years 01d.(since +从句,从句用一般过去时)NO.6比照比照一:短暂性动词vs.延续性动词短暂性动词延续性动词意思catch a coldhave a cold 感冒buyhad 买了openbe open开着的closebe closed关着的fa
11、ll illbe ill生病的fall asleepbe asleep睡着的begin/startbe on 开始endbe over 结束borrow/lend keep借由上表可知,be + adj.表示的状态,基本上是属于延续性 的意义。比照二:have gone to/have been to/have been inhave gone to表示去了没回来(短暂性意义)have been to表示去了回来了(短暂性意义)have been in表示去了一直待在那里(延续性意义)eg:I have gone to Beijing, so there is no one in my roo
12、m.I have been to Beijing, and I have had a great time there.I have been in Beijing for three months, and we have visited lots of places of interest.动词表示动作、行为,动词是句子的一局部,起着重要的部 分。动词可分为及物动词、不及物动词、双宾动词、成语动词、 系动词、助动词、情态动词。及物动词和不及物动词区别:及物就是后面可以跟人或物,不及物就是后面不能跟 人或物。我们举几个及物动词的例子:吃 eat ,喝 drink ,买 buy ,卖 sell
13、o这4个动词,在表达意思的时候,后面要跟人或物(名 词或代词)。eat ( an apple )吃苹果drink ( a cup of tea )喝杯茶buy (a coat)买一件外套sell ( a house )卖一套房子所以,这样的动词,后面要跟(人或物)的,就叫及物动 词。不及物动词,就是后面不能跟(人或物)。哭 cry ,笑 smile ,飞 flyI cry ,我哭(是我的行为,不需要后面跟人或物)。I smile ,我笑(也是我的行为,不需要后面跟人或物)。Birds fly ,鸟飞(是鸟的行为,不需要后面跟人或物)。双宾动词:需要加介词to/for,但接双宾语不加介词,介词后
14、面普遍加“人物宾格例如:lend sth to sb.= lend sb sth.(借某物给某人)buy sth for sb.= buy sb sth.(为某人买某物)He asked me some questions (他问了我彳艮多问题)成语动词:就是动词短语词组英语中的成语动词主要有下面五类:1 .动词+副词(不跟宾语):War broke out in 1939 .战争于1939年爆发。2 .动词+介词(跟宾语):Who is looking after the children?谁在照顾孩子?3,及物动词+副词(跟宾语,宾语短时可夹在中间):Put away those dish
15、es . (Put them away .) 把盘子取走。He pointed out my mistake . (He pointed it out .) 他指出了我的错误。4 .及物动词+宾语+副词:She loved to order people about .她喜欢对人发号施令。I can t tell them apart .我不能把他们区分开。5 .动词+副词+介词:I am looking forward to seeing you .我盼望见到你。r II try to catch up with the rest of the class .我要设法赶上班上其他人。另外还有
16、下面两类也可以说是成语动词:1 .动词+名词+介词:eg: pay attention to 注意,give rise to 引起. be+形容词+介词:be fond of 喜欢You dont work.We work.Do we work?We dont work.They work.Do they work?They dont work.He(Shez It) works.Does he(shez it) work?He(She, It) doesnt work.基本用法表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。表示客观事实或普遍真理。在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。在某些
17、以here , there开头的句子中,用一般现在时表示 正在发生的动作。be familiar with 熟悉be used to习惯于be suitable for 适合 系动词:Be 动词:(is / are/ was/ were/ have been/ has been/ am/ had been)eg : He is a teacher.(他是一名老师)He was a president two years ago.(他曾经两年前是一名总统)过去式We are Chinese.俄们是中国人)I have been a university student.(我是一名大学生)现在 完
18、成时2 .感官动词feel/seem/look/smell/sound/taste 等eg: It tastes delicious.(吃起来太美味了)The story sounds interesting.做事听起来太有趣了).变化动词get/turn/become/grow 等eg:She became a college student.(她成为一名大学生)She grow up.(她长大了)He got old.(他变老了 )助动词:()助动词有be, have, do, will, shallo它们本身没有 词义,只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语,用来表示 时态和语态,构成否认、
19、疑问及加强语气等。1、be (am, is, are, were, been)(1) be + -ing构成进行时态;(2 ) be +过去分词构成被动语态;(3 ) be +动词不定式构成复合谓语:表示按计划安排要发生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year.总理将于明年访问日本。(2) 用于命令。Youre to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。2、have (has, had)have +过去分词”构成完成时态。如:Have you seen the film ?
20、 (2) have been + -ing”构成完成进行时态。 如:What have you been doing these days?这些日子 你一直在干什么?3、do (does, did)do not +动词原形构成行为动词的否认式。如: His brother doesn7 t like playing basket.;(1) Do +主语+动词原形构成行为动词的一般疑问 句。Does he go to school by bike every day?(2) do +动词原形用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语 气。如:I did go to see him, but he wasn7
21、 t in 我确实去看 望他了,但他不在家。(4)代替前面刚出现的动词以防止重复。My mother told me to go to bed early.So I did.(3) ill, shall (would, should)will (shall +动词原形构成一般将来时,一般来说shall 用于第一人称,will用于第二人称或第三人称,口语中常 用will代替shall 如:We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.(二)情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,可以表示 可能、可以、需要、必须”或应当等/S1 o将情态动词
22、置于主语之前即构成其疑问式,在情态动词之 后加not既构成其否认式。现将各情态动词的基本用法分 述如下:1、can和could (could为can的过去式)的基本用法Q)表示能力,如:He can speak English better than you.(2)在疑问句和否认句中表示怀疑、猜测或可能 性,如:Can this green bike be Liu Dongs?表示许可时can可以和may换用,5 :You can (may) go home now.(4)如果要表示语气婉转,可用could代替can,这时could 不再是can的过去式,如:Could you come ag
23、ain tomorrow?(5)can和be able to都可表示能力,两者在意思上没有什 么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式,而be able to 那么有更多的形式,如:He will be able to do the work better.2、may和might (might为may的过去式)的基本用法(1)表示允许或征询对方许可,有可以之意,如:You may use my dictionary.在回答对方说可以做某事或不 可以做某事时,一般多不用may或may not ,以防止 语气生硬,用比拟婉转的说法进行回答。如:一一 May I use this dictionary
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