2022年完形填空和阅读理解专题高考.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载完形填空和阅读懂得专题一、完形填空题型概况1、一般 10 个小题,每题 1.5-2 分；2、以故事类、表达类为主；3、难度较大；4、要求填入的词主要有：语法结构所要求的功能词,如连接词、连接代词、连接副词、关系代词、关 系副词等；具有语法变化的一般词,如动词的时态、语态、语气,名词的数,代词的格,形容词和副词的级等；固定搭配短语或词组中的特定词；同义词、近义词等易混淆词；依据上、下文意思及结构必需填入的确定词；解题步骤：一、通 读全文,明白大意；：通读一遍,明白大致内容；千万不要读一句填一句；：细读首句,判定文章体裁,推测全文

2、大意和主旨；尽管有空格、 生词或不明白的地方,仍要快速读下去；不要在未把握大意的基础上,边阅读,边做题,这样速度慢、精确率低！：找出关键词、中心词,划出某些代表人物和情节的词,形成思路；对空格作摸索性地推测；二、瞻 前顾 后,逐步填空 从头开头边细读边分析；答案分三类：一是语法,意思 X ；二是意思 ,语法 X ；三是语法 ,意思 ；考虑：上下文的意思；句子的结构,习惯用法,固定搭配 瞻前顾后先读所填词的句子,回忆上一句,兼顾下一句；一句两个空白双管齐下,同时试填,通读全句,确定答案；做题策略先易后难,放一下,接着做,回头看；三、 认真复查, 适当调整全部做完后,从头到尾读一遍,三查：是否连贯

3、,情节是否合理,语法是否正确；所考单词以学过的为主,所以第一要复习所学单词,然后复习本学期的语法、句式等；答题方法：1）择优法：边读边填,能马上判定正确答案的,直接选；每个选项都要看,对比一 下,防止马虎丢分！2）排除法：如答案一时难以确定,从语法结构、词语搭配、上下文语境、习惯用法、词义辨析对选项逐 项分析试填；二、阅读懂得名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载阅读懂得始终是外语学习和考试重点；测试要点：1懂得主旨大意；2寻读详细信息；3懂得细节；4依据上下文语境,估计生词词义；5简洁的判定和懂得；7

4、懂得作者的意图和态度；6懂得文段的基本规律结构；8懂得文段的文化信息；9懂得图表信息；10懂得指代关系；技能：1略读；2找读；3推测下文；4懂得大意；5分清文章中的事实和观点；6推测词义；7推理判定；8. 明白重点细节；9. 懂得文章结构；10. 懂得图表信息；11. 懂得指代关系；12. 懂得规律关系；13. 懂得作者意图；14. 评判阅读内容；文章分类：说明文、论说文、表达文以及广告；说明文、论说文的文长基本掌握在300 词左右；文章的主旨大意多显现在第一段,甚至第一段的前几句,最终一段多与第一段呼应；中间的部分,多是论据或说明文的绽开部；1. What is the best title

5、 for/of the passage. 2. What does the author mainly tell us about in the text ？3. What is mainly discussed in the article/passage/text. 做答这类问题时,将阅读重点放在首尾部分,中间部分就可采纳略读或扫读的方式,一就省时间,二 就目标明确,正答率自然也相应提高了；一细节题的解题思路 重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等；其答案必定在文章论述范畴之内；应当找出供应依据的单词和句子,而不能脱离原文去猎取信息,也不能仓促地作出没有原文依据的假设；细读这类题型主要有三种形

6、式：问句式,不完整的陈述句和排除法；1问句式 A其发问形式主要有以下几种：How did something happen. Which of the following people shouldnot do it. Which of the following did somebody have to deal with. . Where should somebody do something. B解题技巧“对号入座 ” ,带着问题找句子,先看文章后面的问题,确定每道题目的发问中心；把每个问题的发问中心反馈到原文中去；在有关信息下面画线,标出题号,便于检查,节省时间；与每一选项进行对比,

7、与原文信息相符的那项,即是正确的答案；Cattle have served humanity since prehistoric 史前 days as beasts of burden and as supplier of leather, meat, and milk. Some of the earliest written records concern the sale of cattle. These valuable animals are unusual in that they do not have front teeth in their upper jaw. Instea

8、d they chew with their back teeth and gums 齿龈 . Cows swallow their food quickly and store it in the fat stomach or rumen, the first of the four compartments 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载stomachs in their. Questions: According to the passage, what is the rumen. A.

9、The first stomach compartment. B. The name of the upper jaw. C. The stomach where digestion 消化 takes place. D. The name of the bacteria 细菌 in the cows stomach. 2不完整的陈述句式 A常见形式有：Something can be best classified as . . . A certain kind of person is someone who People are looking for better ways to . A

10、ccording to the author, “ it” was caused by B解题技巧：答案与原文在字面上的差异很大,有时仍要找出与前句的内容在规律上的联系,因此答这类题时精确理 解是关键,肯定要冷静,认真分析；在做不完整的陈述式题目时候,仍可参考上面列举的解题步骤；第 一步,阅读题目,找出问题的发问中心；其次步,带着这些问题来阅读文章；第三步,依据前两步的分 析和判定,挑选出最符合题意的答案；3排除式 A常见形式有：Which of the following are NOT mentioned in the passage. Which of the following is

11、TRUE. Which of the following is NOT listed in . . Which of the following is NOT included in the passage. B解题技巧：做这类题时,第一要认真阅读题后的选项,牢记各个选项所阐述的不同内容,然后阅读原文；凡是原文 中的信息与挑选项内容相同的,我们可以在这些信息下面划线,以作为排除的内容；假如基本选项的内 容在原文找不到相应的信息,那么该选项即为该题的答案；这类题与前两种题型不同,后者答案应包括 在原文内容中,即与所述的事实具有直接或间接的联系,而前者的答案是被排除在原文内容之外的,因 此在答题时

12、要将与原文内容有关的三个选项排除,剩下的一个才是答案；Life on Land Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as long as 3000 million years. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact ,no anim

13、als could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessary, since they-the plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy. The first plants to ex

14、ist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae 海藻 which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce. Which of the following is TRUE. A. Algae have existed for more than 430 million years. B. It is impossible that algae might be the ea

15、rliest plant on land. C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans. D. Evolution began after animals appeared on land. 这是一道事实询问题；需要把短文第一段首句“Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago”和短文其次段首句“ The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae ” 联系起来考虑,正确答案

16、为 不符,应排除；A；B、 C、D 三项与短文内容均名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载二 阅读懂得之精确找出主题句 1首句是主题句的规律 赐予例证、说明或说明的段落；下定义的段落；对两个或两个以上的事物作比较或对比的段落；概率达到 70% 说明缘由和结果 往往结果交代在前 的段落；主题句是首句的段落总是用演绎法撰写,以概述开段,随之辅以细说；People who talk and sing to plants have no mental problems at all, according to

17、an agricultural expert. In fact, singing and talking to plants makes them grow better, says Dr Braymar. The reason is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we exhale 呼出 CO2 which plants need to survive continue to liveand grow better. Plants absorb take in CO2 through their pores 小孔 during t

18、he sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people to survive. Singing and talking have good effect on plants, however, only during the daytime. Singing or talking at bedtime will not help plants to grow better or grow faster. 2尾句是主题句的规律 1阐述一个不常见的或难以令人接受的观点的段落；2旨在说服读者信任甚至信服其论点的段落；尾句是主题句的段落总是用归纳法撰写的,其

19、程序是先表述细节或交代论据,最终作出概括性的结论If you hadnt known them, you would have thought Joe and Jim were quite alike. They were both tall and wore long and fair hair. They both walked with a steady stride 坚决的步伐 . They both spoke in a deep voice that made them selves seem much older than they really were. Both of th

20、em wore dark clothes as a rule, and they liked light coloured ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In other things they were sharply different. Joe was considerate and helpful, and everyone liked him. Jim, however, was very selfish and often flared into terrible anger 勃然大怒 at little things

21、that displeased him. Alike as Joe and Jim were on the surface, they were really very different in nature. 3段落中间句是主题句的规律 表述某种观点的段落的主题句往往处于段落的中间；先归纳后演绎；给出一两个例证之后,作出概括性 的总结,然后依据这一结论再赐予例证来证明其论点；When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for

22、 a moment, and then it comes down. When a bullet 子弹 is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must come down. We have al-ways thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far

23、and long. Yet it does not stay up forever. Finally, like every-thing else, the plane must come down. 如何把拦路虎变成纸老虎？三 如何抓住长句的核心 句子的核心,句子最主要的成分：主语、谓语动词及其宾语或表语；其他的部分统统都是为这几个核心词服务的, 或是描述修饰它们, 或是说明说明以下细节：时间 when、地点 where、缘由 why 、方式 how 、何物 what 、数量 how many 或 how much 及何种结果 what result 等；Twenty students ha

24、d just climbed their way to the top rung 最高的台阶 out of four million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest on Tues-clay evening at Jintan County, Jiangsu Province. 分析过程的演示：句子的核心： studentsclimbed way 句子的一系列细节：How many ：twenty out of four million What result

25、: to the top rung 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载What thing: the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest Doing what: taking part in the. Contest When: Tuesday evening Where: Jintan County, Jiangsu Province 抓住句子的核心后,我们第一精确地懂得了句子最主要的成分： 同学登上最高的台阶；再经过对这

26、”个长句的一系列细节的分析,我们可以更进一步地明白到：四百多万参与 “ 全国第五届华罗庚数学金杯赛中的中同学里有二十个同学在星期二于江苏省金坛县登上了最高的台阶；2找出谓语动词是抓住核心的关键英语与汉语的一个区分就是英语中有三种非谓语动词形式：动词不定式、分词与动名词；这三种非谓语动词形式又各自有其一系列的形式,假如在句子中不能快速而又精确地找到谓语动词,势必会对懂得形成严峻的障碍；因此找出句子的谓语动词就成了抓住核心的关键；找出句子的谓语动词后,用 who 或 what 放在谓语动词前发问,就可以轻而易举地找到主语,然后再用whom 或 what 发问,就可快速找出其宾语或表；语,以及一系列

27、状语,这样正确懂得长句或难句就会变得轻松而简洁；请看下面例证中的划线的句子：Sometimes an animal has a plant partner. The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. This is so in corals珊瑚 of the sea. In their skins, corals have tiny plants which act as dustmen, taking some of the waste products from th

28、e coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs very much to breathe. 乍看划线的这个句子,第一印象是这个句子很长,再看下去,就会感到这个长句中动词许多,多至六个；那么哪一个是谓语动词呢 .依据我们已把握的基本学问,经过语法分析,不难看出这个句子的谓语动词是 have；于是我们用 that 放在 have 前提问： What have.回答这个问题的过程就是找出主语的过程：corals have；然后再用 what 放在谓语动词后发问：corals have what.找出这个问题的答案也就找到了这个谓语

29、动词 have 的宾语：have tiny plants；这样该句的最核心的部分：主语、谓语和宾语就都精确地找到了；3语法分析法是精确懂得细节行之有效的方法通过对上例的分析,我们可以令人信服地让同学们接受我们关于如何抓住句子核心的观点和方法；但是仅有这些,就想正确懂得这么长这么复杂的句子,那是不现实的；要想进一步正确而又深化地懂得这个句子,语法分析法在实践中已被反复地证明了是行之有效的；在上例划线的句首处,用了介词词组：in their skins 在它们的皮肤上 ,交代了 corals have tiny plants 的地点状语, 实际上回答的是 where何处 的问题；在 plants

30、之后用的是限制性的定语从句：which act as“ dustmen”起到是清洁工作用的微生物 ,实际上回答的是 what effect do they have 它们起的是什么作用的问题；在这个定语从句后显现的是现在分词短语： taking some of the wasted products from the coral and giving in return oxygen；经过语法分析,不难看出此处的分词短语起的是说明说明的作用,其意为：从珊瑚中清理掉一些废料的产物而归仍其氧气；在 oxygen 之后又显现了一个定语从句：吸的氧气 ；which the animal needs v

31、ery much to breathe 此种动物特别需要呼诚然,对于一个训练有素的考生,上述这一切是在很短的时间内完成的；但是其阅读、懂得及思维等 过程,必需经过上面表达的每一个细节,因此他的正确懂得结果必定是：在珊瑚的皮肤中,有着一些微生物,这些微生物在它们身体上充当着 常需要呼吸的氧气；四 猜词技巧“ 清洁工 ” ,清理掉它们身体产生的废料,而仍给珊瑚这种动物非阅读懂得的测试中常常有推测词、短语、习语意义的题目,这些词、短语、习语要么是生词,要么是熟 词新义,单靠平常积存是不够的,仍要把握肯定的做题技巧；总结如下：1依据构词法 转化、合成、派生进行判定：在英语中,有许多词可以在前面加前缀p

32、refix ,或在后面加后缀 suffix ,从而构成一个词,乍看起来,这个词可能是生词,但把握了肯定的构词法,就不难猜出 它的词义；例如：Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10, Anaclerio said, and theyre very interactive and creative in that they 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载built a sense of drama based on a subject. 文中 inter

33、active 是由前缀 inter相互的 和 active活动的,活跃的 构成的,同时依据上下文的意思可以判定,该词的含义应是“互动的 ”；2依据上下文说明作出判定：有时短文中显现一个需推测其意义的词或短语,下面接着显现其定义域或 说明,这就是判定该词或短语意义的主要依据；请看下例：Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Centre offers a wide variety ofchoices deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches, Santana sedans are the big favourit

34、e. 从前面的 Car Rental Center 可知出租车公司供应的只能是 出租汽车的名称；cars for rent出租汽车 ,也就是说划线的词都是3依据上下文的指代关系进行挑选：文章中的代词 it,that,he, him 或 them 可以指上文提到的人或物,其中 it 和 that 仍可以指一件事；有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事；例如：However, the question that moon people asked is still an interesting one. A growing number o

35、f scientists are seriously thinking about it. 第一, it 指上句中的 the question,而 the question 又指上一段中 “ 月球人 ” 所提的问题,所以要经过两次查找才能选出答案；4依据转折或对比关系进行判定：依据上下句的连接词,如but,however,otherwise 等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义；另外,分号 ；也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；请看下例：A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle ；it call

36、be a basket of fun ；从上下句可以看出,hassle和 a basket of fun 确定是近乎相反的意义,也就是 a situation causing difficulty or trouble；5依据因果关系进行判定：俗语说,“有因必有果,有果必有因”；依据缘由可以推测结果,依据结果也可以找出缘由；例如：Biggest power failure in the citys historyAll of our ice cream and frozen foods melted依据因果关系,停电只能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品“ 融解 ”,也就是 melted；6依据同位关系进行判定：阅读中有时显现新词、难词,后面就跟着一个同位语,对前面的词进行说明,有时这种说明也用连词“ or”连接；例如：,and other Germanic and Nordic peoples , who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxonor old English,a Germanic language其中 old English ,a Germanic language 都是说明 Anglo Saxon 的；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 6 页