考研英语语法-独立主格详解附译文.docx
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1、考研英语语法-独立主格详解附译文一、独立主格结构的特点独立主格是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词,副词, 介词短语,分词,不定式等,在句子中作状语,相当于一个状语从句或 者并列句。它有以下三个特点与一个功能:【特点】(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。(2)名词或代词和后面的形容词,副词,介词短语,分词,不定式存 在逻辑上的主谓关系。(3 )独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,与主句之间不能使用连词。二、使用独立主格结构的考前须知(1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主 格结构取代状语从句,但不再保存连词。如:contemptuous
2、(表示轻蔑的)desirous (渴望的)envious (羡慕别人的)expressive (表情丰富的)forgetful (健忘的)imaginative (富于想象的)perceptive (感觉敏锐的)persuasive (能说服的,有说服力的)respectful (表示尊敬的)tolerant (容忍的,容许的)客观意义,如:contemptible (轻视的,卑劣的)desirable (值得要的,想要的)enviable (令人羡慕的)expressible (可表达出来的)forgettable (可忘记的)imaginable (可想象出来的)perceptible (
3、可感觉的)persuasible (可说服的,听话的)respectable (可敬的)tolerable (可容忍的)例句:The authors are witheringly contemptuous of thebogus equation of tidiness and morality, for example, in corporate /zclean desk” policies.分析:该句是简单句。译文:作者毫不留情地批评了将整洁与道德相等同的做法,例如,公司内清 洁办公桌”的政策。We should be alert to the possibility thatindiv
4、iduals, organizations or governments tend to pied a worthy goal in excuseof their contemptible means and selfish interests.分析:该句是复合句,that individuals , organizationsor governments tend to.作 possibility 的同位语。译文:我们应当警惕这种可能性:个人、组织或政府以高尚的目标作为他们采 取卑劣手段和获取私利的借口。三、the+形容词(分词形容词)the+形容词(分词形容词)表示一类人或一类事物,后接谓
5、语动词复数。如:the poor (穷人)the blind (盲人)the deaf (聋子)the few/the many (少数人/多数人)the dying (奄奄一息的人)the killed (死了的人)the oppressed (被压迫的人们)the aged , the weak , the sick and the disabled (老弱病残)the living(活着的人)例句:The old are cared well in a home for the poor andaged.译文:老人在养老院里得到了很好的照料。例句:The poor are very ha
6、ppy, but the rich are sad.译文:穷人很快乐,富人却不快乐。少数词接单数动词,如:the departed/the deceased (死者),the beautiful (美好的事物),the unexpected (意外情况)。例句:The deceased has been sent to the funeral parlor.译文:死者已经被送往殡仪馆。四、复合形容词有些形容词由两局部或更多局部组成,称为复合形容词,如:three-year-old child (三岁的孩子)six-storied building (六层的楼房)one-eyed donkey
7、(一只眼的驴)其他如:prep. /adj. /n. /adv.+p.p.(分词)off-putting (令人讨厌的)nit-picking (找茬的,吹毛求疵的)free-living (生活无拘束的)hard-wearing (耐穿的)star-crossed (命运不佳的,倒霉的)tender-hearted (心肠软的,慈善的)well-intentioned (善意的,好心的)例句:People who live in small towns often seem morefriendly than those living in densely populated areas.
8、(1999 年第 27 题)分析:该句是复合句,其中those living.相当于those who live in.o译文:住在小镇上的人似乎往往比住在人口稠密地区的人更为友好。例句:In this way these insects show an efficient useof their sound-producing ability, organizing two sounds delivered at a highrate as one call. (1997 年第 16 题)分析:该句是简单句,organizing two sounds delivered作伴随状语。译文: 通
9、过这种方式这些昆虫能展示它们高超的发音功能,在很高的频率下发 出两种声波作为一次鸣叫。五、一些本身有比拟意义的形容词英语中绝大多数形容词都可以用来表示比拟意义,但有一局部形容词本 身已经带有比拟的含义,因此这些词没有比拟级和最高级形式。例如:only, mere, sole, extreme, supreme, perfect, single,real, utmost, eternal, principal, chief, main, empty, matchless, unique,wonderful, square 等。例句:My favorite radio song is the on
10、e I first heardon a thick 1923 Edison disc I stumbled upon at a garage sale. (2001 年第 22 题)分析:该句是复合句,I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc 与 I stumbled upon at a garage sale是两个定语从句,分别修饰theone 和 Edison disco译文: 在一次现场旧货出售中我偶然碰到一张1923年的爰迪生唱片,从那张 唱片上我第一次听到了我最喜欢的广播歌曲。六、比拟结构(一洞级比拟形式为:as+(形容词或副词)原级+(名词
11、)+as.例句:Critics also argue that commercial genetictesting is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample iscompared.(选自 2009 年 Text 2)分析:该句是复合句,that commercial genetic testing.作 argue 的宾语, to which a sample is compared 是一个修饰 the reference collections的定语从句。译文:批评家们还指出,商业基因检测的好坏取决于用于样本比
12、照的参考样本 的好坏。例句: Scientists generally agree that the Earthsclimate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years as much as it has warmed inthe 2,000 years since the Ice Age.分析:该句是复合句hat the Earths.Ice Age作agree的宾语从句。译文:科学家们普遍认为,地球气候未来50年到100年的时间里会变暖,变 暖的程度与自冰河世纪以来的2 000年的时间里变暖的程度一样。(二)优劣比拟.优等比拟。形式为:比拟级+
13、than例句:Its a message even more bitter than a clovecigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.(选自 2006 年 Text 4)分析: 该句是简单句,even more bitter than修饰 a messageo译文: 读这一消息的滋味甚至比抽丁香烟还要苦,但却不知怎么地带来了一股 清新的气息。例句:These recordings are cheap, available everywhere,a nd very often much higher in artistic qualit
14、y than todays live performances;moreover, they can be “consumed“ at a time and place of the listeners choosing.(选自 2011 年 Text 1)分析:该句是由分号连接的并列句。前一个分句中含有形容词的比拟级;后一个 分句中副词moreover表示递进关系。译文:这些录制音乐价格低廉,到处可以买到,而且其艺术品质往往比当今的 现场演奏要高出许多。它们可以在听众所选择的任何时间和地点被享 用。1 .劣等比拟。形式为:.not so (as)+原级+as.=less+原级 + than
15、After class was over (=Class being over/Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。 在以下两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been )不能省略:a.独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼 拜。b.在There being +名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽 车,所以我
16、们不得不步行回家。(3)在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不 用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进 了课室,手里拿着一本书。例句:According to several studies concluding thatparents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the leasthappy of all.(选自 2011 年 Text 4)分析: 该句是简单句,其中,分词短语concl
17、uding that parents are lesshappy than childless couples 作后置定语,修饰 studies ,从句that parents are less happy than childless couples 又充当 concluding 的宾语。译文: 结论为为人父母者不如无子女者幸福的多项研究说明,单亲父母 最不幸福。例句:Their lives are no less empty than those of theirsubordinates.分析:该句是简单句,其中those代表liveso 译文:他们的生活同其下属一样空虚。(三)最高级表示
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