2022年汉英翻译基础教程期末考试总结.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 第三章名词的抽象和详细译法第一节名词的抽象译法p68 粗枝大叶 to be crude and careless with big branches and large leaves 海阔天空 to talk with random with a vast sea and boundless sky 灯红酒绿 dissipated and luxurious with red lights and green wine 纸醉金迷 of life of luxury and dissipation with drunken paper and b

2、ewitched gold 单枪匹马 to be single-handed in doing sth with a solitary spear and a single horse 赤胆忠心 ardent loyalty with red gut and heart 无孔不入 to take advantage of every weakness to get into every hole 扬眉吐气 to feel proud and elated to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath 开门见山 to come straight to th

3、e point to open the door and see the mountain 大张旗鼓 on a large and spectacular scale to make a great array of flags and drums 风雨飘摇 of a situation being unstable the wind and rain are rocking 二翻译以下句子（ 1）这是他们夫妻之间的事情,你去插一脚干吗？That s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get in

4、volved in.（ 2）别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全,真是个顺风耳啊！You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. （ 3）这消息让我出了一身冷汗；m extremely terrified by the news. I （ 4）她毛遂自荐来这所学校做老师；She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school. （ 5）我不敢班门弄斧,诚望您发表高见；I dare not s

5、how off in the presence of（在 面前）an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten（启示,启蒙）us on this matter. （ 6）敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁；The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder. （ 7）敌军军官听说后路已被切断,吓得目瞪口呆；The enemy officer was stunned by the news that the route of retreat had been cut off.

6、（ 8）这些问题盘根错节,三言两语说不清晰；These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words. 1名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - （ 9）今日下午的球赛,棋逢对手,肯定很出色；This afternoons ball game is sure to be an exciting one, for the two sides are well-matched. （ 10）他们为敌人效尽犬马之劳；They worked

7、faithfully in the service of the enemies. （ 11）真正的伴侣应当是雪中送炭；A real good friend should be one offering timely help. （ 12）他们和群众血肉相连,休戚与共；They maintain the closest relations with the masses and share their weal福利,幸福 and woe 哀思,苦恼 . （ 13）他这几天心里七上八下,老是寂静不下来；His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was

8、 quite unable to think straight. （ 14）我们要重视沿海与内地的贫富差距问题；We must pay close attention to the problem of the gap between coastal and inland areas.（ 15）我们必需与腐败和各种不公平现象作斗争；We must fight against corruption and injustice.（ 16）你必需提出一些解决方案；You must work out some solutions. （ 17）不尝黄连苦,怎知蜂蜜甜；Who has never tast

9、ed bitter knows not what is sweet. Who has never tasted Chinese goldthread which is bitter will never know honey is sweet. （ 18）他等着她来,急得像热锅上的蚂蚁；He waited for her arrival, with a frenzied agitation. （ 19）妈妈特别兴奋,我感到她的背在颤抖,就在那一刻,我第一次明白妈妈也有脆弱 的一面；In that moment, feeling mothers back racked with emotion,

10、 I understood for the first time her vulnerability. （ 20）他们的乐观主义精神令我们大为感动；Their optimism moved us greatly. （ 21）目前公司的经营状况已经有所好转；At present, the business in our company is turning for the better. 2名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - （ 22）我明白很多家庭今日都意识到他们家中少了人 . I knew that many fa

11、milies today were conscious of absences.（ 23）我知道我会遇到寒冷酷暑；I knew I would encounter extremes of weather.（ 24）只要你嫁给我,鸡鸭鱼肉,绫罗绸缎,一辈子享受不尽；If you are willing to marry me, you will enjoy the luxuries all your life. （ 25）我们都来自五湖四海；We are from all corners of the country. 其次节 名词的详细译法 详细译法是指在翻译过程中把原文中抽象或比较抽象的单词

12、、词组、成语或者句子用具 体或比较详细的单词、词组、成语或者句子来进行翻译,从而排除或降低语言差别给翻 译带来的缺失,使译文产生与原文同样的成效；详细译法的特长在于：可以利用译文的优势,与原文绽开竞赛,以特别生动详细的形象 语言来表达原文中原本比较抽象的概念,使得读者能观赏到活生生的语言；二翻译以下句子（ 1）他每天要处理很多麻烦的问题；He has many hot potatoes to handle every day. （ 2）他新雇来的女佣人懒得特别,饭量倒很大,真是一个无用而又累赘的的东西；His newly employed servant woman was extremely

13、 lazy and ate a lot, no more than a white elephant. （ 3）我不敢确定我能赢得这个荣誉,这仍是未到手的东西；I m not sure whether I can win the honour; its a bird in the bush. （A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 一鸟在手赛过两鸟在林； ）（ 4）不要过早乐观,真正的困难仍在后头呢；Dont count your chickens before they are hatched. The real difficulties

14、still lay ahead. （ 5）我们决不能姑息坏人；We should never warm snakes in our bosoms. （ 6）至于那些苹果,我们就对半分吧；As for the apples, lets go fifty-fifty with them. （ 7）他们的见解特别相像；3名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Their ideas run in the same groove 沟,槽 . （ 8）我知道你现在是进退两难；I know you are holding a wol

15、f by the ears. （ 9）他这个人只管自己的事；He is a man who hoes（n. v. 锄,锄头）his own potatoes. （ 10）你真是说话不看对象；You are really casting pearls before swine. （ 11）空谈不照实践；The proof of the pudding is in the eating. （ 12）他出身在富贵之家；He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth. 第一章 汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节 翻译中的选义 翻译包括懂得和表达两个过程；要做好翻译,第

16、一要对原文进行正确的懂得；但汉语和 英语中都有很普遍的一词多义现象,却给懂得和表达都带来了很大的困难；二依据语境挑选合适的词义 语义与语境关系亲密；同样的一个词,在不同的上下文里,就可能产生不同的意思；英 国语言学家 Firth 曾经说过： Each word is a new word in a new context 每个词在一个新的 语境中就是一个新词 ；所以说,“ 多义词数量很多,但我们在语言的实际运用中,除少 数歧义句外,却极少见到词的多义现象；由于在一个详细语境中只使用多义词的其中一 个义项 ” （傅敬民等, 英汉翻译辨析 ,p10）；“ 得失 ” 一词的翻 同样,在汉译英时,也需

17、要联系上下文挑选符合原文语境的语义；如 译：1. 两种方法各有得失；2. 他从不计较个人得失；1. Each of the two methods has its advantages and disadvantages. 2. He never gives thought to personal gain and loss. 又如 “ 看法 ” 一词的翻译：4名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1. 干部应当虚心听取群众的看法；2. 你应当听从医生的看法；3. 汤姆对此很有看法；4. 很多人对这种做法很有看法；5.

18、 我对该教学方案提出了一些修改看法；6. 双方在昨天的会上闹起了看法；7. 中美两国就双边关系及共同关怀的问题交换了看法；8. 双方取得了一样看法；9. 他们在这件事上看法不一；10. 全班就推举谁做班长取得了一样的看法；11. 假如没有看法,现在散会；1. A cadre should listen carefully to the opinions of the masses. 2.You should follow the doctors advice. to such 3.Tom has a lot of complaints about it. 4.Many people took

19、vigorous 有力的,猛烈的 exception（反对,异议）behavior. 5. I made some suggestions for the revision of the teaching plan. 6. Both sides got into disputes at the meeting yesterday. 7. China and the United States exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern. 8.Both sides reached an agreement

20、. on who will be the monitor. 9.They have a disagreement with this. 10. The whole class has reached unanimity （一样同意）11. If there is no objection, the meeting is over. 从以上译例可以看出,一词多义的现象很普遍,即使是一个简洁的词也要把它放在原文的语境中去懂得；否就很简洁造成懂得不到位、译文走样的现象；原文中的一些常见词,看似简洁,在实际操作过程中,却往往译错,究其缘由是没有把词语放在特定的语境中去考察,孤立的词语的意义必定是游离不

21、定的；5名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 三依据搭配挑选合适的词义1. 看1. 老师看出了我的心事；2. 这双鞋要是仍看得过去,你就买吧；3. 我看出了他的软肋；4. 明天是否出去玩,仍得看天气；5. 他看出了苗头；6. 珍宝,别跑得这么快,看摔着！1. The teacher read my thoughts. 2. If you think the pair of shoes is all right, then buy it. 3. I spotted his weak point. 4. Whether w

22、e ll go on a trip tomorrow will depend on the weather. 5. He smelt a rat. 6. Dear, dont run so fast. Mind you dont fall. 四跳出字面挑选合乎规律的词义英汉语中都存在一些光看字面无法懂得的词语,或是“ 似是而非 ” 的词语,在翻译过程中特别要当心这样的“ 假伴侣 ” （false friend ）,一旦遇到,就要跳出字面,挑选真正合乎规律的词义；请看以下例子：有些词语在语言中有“ 商定俗成 ” 的说法,如black tea, brown sugar 等,在翻译时需要敬重这样的商

23、定俗成；在不同语言中,有些词语所引发的联想是不同的,所以英汉语中有很多动物的比如不同,如：胆小如鼠 as timid as a rabbit落汤鸡 a drowned rat 养虎为患 to cherish a snake in ones bosom瓮中捉鳖 like a rat in the hole如鱼得水 like a duck to water像热锅上的蚂蚁 like a hen on a hot girdle 薄煤层 愚蠢如猪 as stupid as a goose6名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 犟

24、得像头牛 as stubborn as a donkey/a mule 小结：翻译中的选义是一个老话题,但也是一个常新的话题；挑选合适的词义对于懂得原文至 关重要,虽然我们可以借助于辞典等工具,找到某个不熟识的词语的基本意义,但是因 为词语随着其搭配、上下文等的不同,而会发生意义上的不同,所以有必要明白词语的 引申意义、搭配意义等,甚至要跳出字面,方能挑选合乎情理、合乎规律的正确释义；其次节 翻译中的选词可以说,文本翻译的大多数工作都是在词汇层面上完成的（The largest quantity of translation in a text is done at the level of

25、the word. 怕永久是最基本的问题之一,需要时刻留意；）；翻译中的选词问题恐有人认为手持一本英汉词典和一本汉英词典就可以翻译了,这是一种特别稚嫩的想法；汉英翻译选词的角度是多种的,但是主要集中在词汇的语义范畴（广义和狭义之分）、具 体意义、抽象意义、意义的模糊与准确等词义方面,也表达在词义搭配、语义颜色、语 体、语气、语言的时代性或语篇等方面；一依据语义范畴进行选词 汉语中有很多词汇语义范畴比英语中相近的词汇大,翻译时必需依据实际情形,敏捷掌握；如教材中 “ 山” 、“ 借 ” 、“ 拿” 、“ 叫” 、“ 笑” 、“ 鼠” 、“词的翻译 p25；又如：车1. 街上的车很多；2. 我每天

26、骑车回家；1. There is a heavy traffic in the street. 2. I come home by bike electromobile every day. 再如：饭1. 中国人习惯于一天三餐饭；2. 都快中午 1 点了,你仍没有吃饭啊！1. The Chinese people are used to three meals a day. 羊” 及“ 实践 ” 、“ 体会 ” 等字2.It s noon and nearly one oclock. You still havent had your lunch. 7名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第

27、 7 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 二从近义词中挑选合适的词语英汉语中都存在大量的同义词、近义词现象,而英语中的同义现象更加明显；但其实,表达类似概念的很多同义词并不真正“ 同义 ” ,往往如闻名作家Samuel Johnson 所言：Words are seldom exactly synonymous,所以在挑选合适的词语时颇费思考,否就译出来的英语会不像样,至少不够地道自然；英国语言学家C L雷恩曾说： English is among the easiest languages to speak badly, but the most difficu

28、lt to use well 能显现译者的英语功夫；汉译英的过程中,最如表示 “ 愤慨、发怒 ” 这一概念,英语中可以有不同的表达,但是侧重各有所不一：angry 表示一般愤慨；irate 表示盛怒、怒形于色；indignant 表示愤慨、义愤；wrathful 表示盛怒、激怒；enraged表示狂怒、暴怒；infuriated 表示因愤恨而愤慨之意；incensed 就有激怒、使大怒之意；表示 “ 打破 ” 意义的词语也有不少：break 是最一般、最通用的词语,意思是经打击或施压而破裂； crack 显现了裂缝,但仍没有变成碎片；crush 从外面用力往内或从上往下压而致碎； demoli

29、sh 破坏或铲平（如土堆、建筑物、城堡等）；destroy 完全摧残,使之无法复原； shatter 突然使一物体粉碎；smash由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而完全粉碎；又如： feast/banquet/dinner 都可表示 “ 宴会 ” ,但意思和用法不同；1. Premier of the State Council gave a state 2. We went to his wedding . to the President of France. 3. We gave a in honor of his arrival. Feast 宴会；指饮食丰富、来宾成群集合在一起饮酒吃饭

30、,以表示庆贺；banquet 宴会,盛宴；指大型的正式宴会,来宾经常在席上讲话,进餐时演奏音乐；dinner 宴会；指规模比 feast 要小的一般宴会；三依据搭配挑选合适的词语英汉语中的词语,各有自己习惯的搭配关系；翻译时,必需摆脱汉语的习惯,依据英语的搭配习惯来处理汉语的某些搭配,不能把汉语的搭配用法生搬硬套到英语中；因此,在挑选词语的时候,要找准其“ 配偶 ” ,才能使译文不至于怪腔怪调；如随着所形容对象和强调的内容不同,“空” 这个形容词在英语中可以相应地译为empty, vacant, hollow, blank 等词,但它们的搭配各有讲究；empty：用来形容 house, roo

31、m, cup, box, stomach, head, words 等词,表示 “ 空的,一无所8名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 有的；空虚的,寂寥的；闲暇的” ；vacant：用来形容 position, room, house, seat 等词,表示 “ 没有人占用的,空缺的；茫然的,空虚的” ；hollow ：可与 tree, voice, sound, cheeks等词连用,表示 下陷的,凹的；虚伪的” ；“ 空洞的,虚的；不实的；blank：表示 “ 空白的；茫然的,无表情的,无思想的” ,可形容 lo

32、ok, mind, page, check 等；（blank check 未记入金额的签名支票,自由处理权；空头支票 fictitious bill, rubber check, empty promise ）汉译英时,要留意动词和宾语的搭配；如“ 进行 ” 一词的翻译 p26；也要留意定语和中心语的搭配；如“ 大”字的翻译 p26；有时仍要依据上下文进行敏捷调整,防止死译,如“ 说” 这个词在不同上下文中可分别译成：也可以进行敏捷的转译；speak, tell, say, express, mention, persuade 等,他说英语；He speaks English. 他说谎；Hes

33、 telling a lie. 他说他很忙；He says he is busy. 我说不好；I m unable to express. 这可说不得；It must not be mentioned. 别胡说八道 . Be reasonable.又如 “ 好” 字的翻译：1. 好教徒2. 好父母3. 好儿女4. 好妻子5. 好丈夫1. a faithful Christian = 真诚的教徒 2. a loving parent = 慈祥的父母 3. an obedient child = 孝顺的儿女 4. a virtuous wife = 贤良的妻子 5. a dutiful husba

34、nd = 尽职的丈夫 从以上的诸多例子可以看出,不同的词有着不同的搭配；同一个词也可能翻译成不同的词语；汉语中的固定搭配在英语中都相应发生了转换,我们在翻译时要防止机械对等；四依据话语的褒贬挑选合适的词语在英汉翻译中,对词语的挑选仍涉及依据话语的褒贬感情颜色作出合适的挑选问题；9名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 比如,一般意义上,对有些词汇会进行一个褒贬颜色的区分：意思褒义词贬义词闻名的famous notorious 政治家statesman politician 宣扬publicity propaganda 1

35、. 这位女影星在舞会上真是仪态万方；The film actress appeared in all her glory at the ball. 2. 这个政客在那场辩论中真是丑态百出；That politician acted like a buffoon 3. 张将军真是足智多谋啊！傻瓜,小丑 during that debate. General Zhang is really wise and resourceful. 4. 那个敌参谋长可是阴谋多端的呀！That enemy chief of staff has a whole bag of tricks. 5. 诗人应当具有丰富的

36、想象力；A poet should have rich imagination. 6. 真遗憾,你的想象力太丰富了；What a pity. Youve got into wild flights of fancy. 五依据语篇分析挑选合适的词语语篇分析是 20 世纪 60 岁月逐步进展起来的年轻学科；在“ 语篇分析 ” 这门学科尚未产生之前,人们就存在“ 语篇 ” 意识,即人们所说的“上下文 ” 、“ 语境 ” ,就其实质而言,就是一种感性的、体会性的和有用性的“ 语篇 ” 意识；任何一个词语,用在一个新的上下文里就有一个新的意义；因此为了选词精确,确定该词在特定语篇里的涵义,就要亲密联系上

37、下文,熟识词在运用中的敏捷变化；对上下文的推敲是词语翻译的重要方面,是词语挑选的基础；如“ 问题 ”这个词,一般都认为它的对等词是 question 和 problem,但是,假如一味地这样翻译,真会产生“ 问题 ” ；如教材中的数例 p28；再如：结晶1. 盐是一种结晶；2. 城市是人类文明在生活空间上的结晶；10名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3. 很多国际知名人士认为杭州大剧院是建筑与艺术的完善结晶；1. Salt is a kind of crystal. 2. Cities are a fruit o

38、f human civilization in respect of 关于 living space. 3. Many international celebrities regard the Hangzhou Grand Theatre as the perfect combination of art and architecture. 小结：以上我们基于汉英词语的对比,从词义范畴、近义词比较、词语的搭配、词语的褒 贬和依据语篇分析来挑选合适的词语,以达到更好的翻译成效；写作要讲究练字,翻译 同样如此；第三节 汉语谚语的翻译 语言是文化的表现形式；谚语同文学作品、诗歌一样是语言的精华；谚语

39、是对各种生活现象进行综合概括并在群众中广泛流传运用的语言；谚语的极大部分是劳动人民对长期生活体会的科学总结；谚语是富于颜色的语言形式, 一般具有生动形象、喻义明显、含义深刻 , 用词精炼的语言特点；在肯定程度上,英语谚语反映了英语民族的文化特点,而汉 语谚语反映的就是中华民族的文化特点；由于英汉谚语间存在着庞大的差异,互译是一项特别艰巨的工作；英汉谚语互译时,译者不仅要有较好的汉语功底,又要有较强的英 语语言才能；既要明白中国文化,又要懂得英语民族的文化特点；因此,在翻译时,仅仅以语言之间词汇的同义性 谚语 .是直译、意译仍是套译 如何翻译谚语 . 等价性 为前提,寻求对等的表现是不够的；究竟

40、如何翻译 .这完全取决于谚语的语言特点和文化背景；只要谚语中生动形象的比如不影响译文读者的懂得,我们就尽可能直译,把原文的内 容、形式和精神都输入到译文中去,努力削减翻译的缺失；有的谚语出于语言结构和文化背景缘故,无法让译文读者懂得,或易引起误会,就用 意译；有些英汉语中对等或基本对等的谚语,可以套译；一可以直译的谚语明枪易躲,暗箭难防；11名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It is easy to dodge （躲开,躲开）shot from hiding. 城门失火殃及池鱼；a spear in the o

41、pen, but hard to guard against an arrow A fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat. 路遥知马力 ,日久见人心；As a long road tests a horses strength, so a long task proves a person（直译）s heart.Time reveals a person（意译）初生牛犊不怕虎；New-born calves make little of （轻视,不以为然）tigers. （直译）Young people ar

42、e fearless. （意译）二只能意译的谚语塞翁失马,焉知非福？When the old man on the frontier lost his mare 母马,母驴 , who could have guessed it was a blessing in disguise. A loss may turn out to be a gain. 庆父不死,鲁难未已；There will always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed.Until Qing Fu is done away with, the crisis in th

43、e state of Lu will not be over.此地无银三百两；A guilty person gives himself away （give away 泄露,告发）惹人注目地）protesting（申明,申辩）his innocence. No 300 taels 两 of silver buried here. 失之东隅,收之桑榆；Lose where the sun rises and gain where the sun sets. by conspicuously （明显地,What one loses on the swings秋千 one gets back on

44、 the roundabouts旋转木马 . What we lose in hake 鳕鱼 we shall have in herring 鲱鱼 . 三可以套译的谚语一次被火烧,二次避火苗；12名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A burnt child dreads the fire.少见多怪；Wonder （疑问,困惑不解）龙生龙,凤生凤；is the daughter of ignorance.Like begets （产生,引起）like. 烂麻搓成绳,也能拉千斤；Many straws may bind an elephant.鹬蚌相争,渔翁得利；When shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game. 请挑选以下汉语谚语的正确译文：星星之火,可以燎原；Little chips （木屑）light great fires.三个臭皮匠,赛过诸葛亮；Two heads are better than one.聪慧一世,糊涂一时；Every man has a f