2022年美国合同法.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 标签：分类：法规公约条约诉讼仲裁公证美国合同法杂谈CONTENT目 录 共十六章 385 条 Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同条款的含义Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS-PARTIES AND CAPACITY其次章 合同的订立当事人及其缔约才能Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS-MUTUAL ASSENT第三章 合同的订立意思表示一样CHAPTER 4 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS CONSIDERATION第四章 合同的订立约因C

2、HAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS 第五章 防止欺诈条例CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章 错误CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE第七章 虚假的意思表示,胁迫以及不当影响CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY第八章 合同因公共政策而不行执行CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - -

3、- - - - - - 第九章 合同义务的范畴CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE第十章 合同的履行与不履行CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE ANDFRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE第十一章 履行不能和履行目的落空CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION第十二章 双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES第十三章 连带承诺人和受承诺人CHAPTER

4、 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES 第十四章 合同受益人CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON第十五章 合同权益的转让与合同义务的转托第十六章 违约救济Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同条款的含义 1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some

5、way recognizes as a duty.合同指的是一个承诺或一组承诺,假如违反此承诺, 就法律给与救济； 假如其履行了承诺,就法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务； 2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE. 承诺；承诺人；受承诺人1 A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been m

6、ade.承诺就是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示,这种意思表示 使受承诺人正值地认为一个承诺已经作出；2 The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.作出该意思表示的人是承诺人3 The person to whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee. 该意思表示所指向的人为受承诺人；4 Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is benefici

7、ary. 假如该承诺的履行使除受承诺人之外的他人获利,就该人为受益人；名师归纳总结 3. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINED 协议的定义；第 2 页,共 31 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - An agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a p

8、erformance or to exchange performances.交易磋商商定的定义一个协议就是两个或两个以上的人一样的意思表示；一个交易磋商约定是为承诺与承诺之间的交换,或为承诺与义务履行的交换,或为义务履行之间的交换而 达成的协议； 4. How a Promise May Be Made 承诺如何作出 A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.一个承诺可以用口头言词或书面文字作出,也可以完全或部分地从行为中

9、推断而得； 5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract 承诺,协议或合同的条件 1 A term of promise or agreement is that portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.承诺或协议的条件就是当事人就特定的事项表示了部分的缔约意图或对缔约的赞同；2 A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from th

10、e promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those relations.合同的条件就是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的承诺,由此引起他们之间部分 法律关系的存在,不管当事人是否作出意思表示要建立这些 法律关系； 6. Formal Contracts 要式合同 The following types of contracts are subject in some respec

11、ts to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from those governing contracts in general: 以下类型的合同依据其形式上的特点,在某些方面受不同于一般合同规章的法律规章的调 整：1 Contracts under seal, 盖印合同 2 Recognizances, 保证书 3 Negotiable instruments and documents,. 可流通票据和单据4Letters of credit 信用证 7. Voidable contra

12、cts 可撤消的合同 A voidable contract is one where one or more parties have the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract, or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoidance.撤消 假如合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示,或通过订立一个取消撤消权的合同,该合同已经建立的法律关系

13、,就该合同为可撤消的合同； 8. Unenforceable Contracts 不能强制执行的合同 An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the 名师归纳总结 remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as 第 3 页,共 31 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - creatin

14、g a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.不行强制执行的合同是指这样一种合同,即违反该合同导致损害赔偿救济和强制履行救济均不行适用,但是却被认为是以其他方式创设了并没有获得认可的 履行义务；Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS-PARTIES AND CAPACITY 其次章 合同的订立当事人及其缔约才能 9. Parties Required 合同当事人There must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and

15、 a promisee, but there may be any greater number.合同必需至少有两个当事人,即承诺人和受承诺人,但是也可以有两个以上更多的当事人； 10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees of the Same Performance针对同一项履行的多个承诺人和受承诺人1 Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may promise the same performance, whether or not there

16、are also promises for separate performances.假如一个合同中有多个承诺人,就部分或全部的承诺人可以就同一项履行作出承诺,不管他们是否就个别的义务履行作出承诺；2 Where there are more promises than one in a contract, a promise may be made to some or all of them as a unit, whether or not the same or another performance is separately promised to one or more of

17、them.假如一个合同中不只有一个承诺,就部分或全部的承诺人可以一个单位作出承诺,不管相同或另外的履行义务是否被单独地对一个或一个以上的承诺人承诺； 11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor and Promisee何时承诺人和受承诺人可以同为一人A contract may be formed between two or more persons acting as a unit and one or more but fewer than all of these persons, acting either singly or with other

18、persons.在由两个或两个以上的人共同代表的一个单位和这些人中的一个或部分多数之间可以缔结 合同,这些人可以单独地或者同他人一起行事； 12. Capacity to Contract 缔约才能1 No one can be bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction

19、may depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon other circumstances.没有法律行为才能的缔约人所缔结的合同所产生的义务是可撤消的,约束力；是否享有部分缔约才能以及是否就某一特定交易享有 质或者其他一些情形；该合同对缔约人并没有 缔约才能取决于该交易的本2 A natural person who manifests assent to a transaction has full legal capacity to incur contractual duties thereby unless he is名师归纳总结

20、 一个自然人假如就某项交易作出同意的意思表示,就该自然人享有完全合法的创设合同义第 4 页,共 31 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 务的缔约能 力,除非该自然人是a under guardianship, or 处于监护之中,或b an infant, or 为成年人,或c mentally ill or defective, or d intoxicated. 醉酒者；有精神疾病或精神缺陷者,或 13. Persons Affected by Guardianship 受监护的人 A person has no capacity to incu

21、r contractual duties if his property is under guardianship by reason of an adjudication of mental illness or defect.假如一个人由于被判决存在精神疾病或精神缺陷,其财产处于监管之中,就该人没有创设 合同义务的行为才能； 14. Infants 未成年人 Unless a statute provides otherwise , a natual person has the capacity to incur only voidable contractual duties unt

22、il the beginning of the day before the persons eighteenth birthday.除非法令另有规定,自然人在18 岁生日之前只具有创设可撤消合同义务的行为才能； 15. Mental Illness or Defect 有精神病或精神缺陷的人1 A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if by reason of mental illness or defect在以下情形下, 一个存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人,可以撤消的：在

23、从事交易活动时所创设的合同义务是a he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or他不能以正常方式懂得此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果,或者b he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction and the other party has reson to know of his condition.他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易,并且交易的相对

24、方有合理的理由知道这一事实；2 Where the contract is made on fair terms and the other party is without knowledge of the mental illness or defect, the power of a voidance under Subsection 1 terminates to the extent that the contract has been so preformed in whole or in part or the circumstances have so changed that

25、 a voidance would be unjust. In such a case a court may grant relief as justice requires.假如合同的缔结是基于公正的条款,并且他方当事人不知道该缔约人患有 精神疾病或存在精神缺陷, 那么, 假如该合同已经被全部或部分地履行或者情势变更,以至撤消该合同有失公正, 就在 1小节中所规定的撤消权不再适用；决给与当事人救济；在这种情形下, 法院可以依公正正义之需判名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 16. Intoxicate Perso

26、ns 醉酒的人A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if the other party has reason to know that by reason of intoxication 假如缔约他方当事人有合理的理由知道一方当事人由于醉酒存在以下情形,就该当事人在从事交易活动时所创设的合同义务是可以撤消的；a he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of

27、the transaction, or 他不能以正常方式懂得此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果,或者b he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction,他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易；Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS-MUTUAL ASSENT 第三章 合同的订立意思表示一样TOPIC 1. IN GENRERAL主题一 一般规定 17. Requirement of a Bargain 交易磋商的条件1 Except as stated in Subsection

28、2, the formation of a contract requires a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange an d a consideration.除2小节的规定外, 合同的订立要求当事人就承诺与承诺、之间的交换和约因意思表示一样；承诺与义务履行、 以及义务履行2 Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may be formed under special rules applicable to formal con

29、tracts or under the rules stated in 82-94.合同可以依据适用于正式合同中的特别规章或依据 易磋商；TOPIC 2, MANIFESTATION OF ASSENT IN GERNERAL 主题二 18. Manifestation of Mutual Assent 意思表示一样82-94 中的规章订立, 不管有没有交意思表示的一般条款Manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange requires that each party make a promise or begin or render a perfo

30、rmance.对一个交换作出一样的意思表示要求各方当事人作出承诺或开头或实施一项义务履行； 19. Conduct as Manifestation of Assent 依意思表示实施的行为1 The manifestation of assent may be made wholly or partly by written or spoken words or by other acts or by failure to act.意思表示可以完全或部分地通过书面或口头、或其他作为或不作为作出；2 The conduct of a party is not effective as a ma

31、nifestation of his assent unless he intends to engage in the conduct and knows or has reason to know that the other party may infer from his conduct that he assents.名师归纳总结 一方当事人以行为作出的意思表示是无效的,除非他有意实施这一行为,并且知道或有理由第 6 页,共 31 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 知道他方当事人可以从他的行为中推断出他有此缔约意思；3 The conduc

32、t of a party may manifest assent even though he does not in fact assent. In such cases a resulting contract may be voidable because of fraud, mistake, or other invalidation cause.一方当事人的行为可以作为意思表示,虽然事实上他并没有此缔约意思；在这种情形下所缔结的合同可以基于欺诈、错误或其他无效的理由被撤消； 20. EFFECT OF MISUNDERSTANDING 误会的效力1 There is no manif

33、estation of mutual assent to an exchange if the parties attach materially different meanings to their manifestations and假如当事人就他们的意思表示赐予了实质上不同的懂得,并且有如下情形存在时,就说明他们就磋商的交换没有达成一样：a neither party knows or has reason to know the meaning attached by the other; or双方当事人任一方都不知道或没有理由知道对方的意思表示所赐予的含义；或b each part

34、y knows or each party has reason to know the meaning attached by the other.任一当事方知道或有理由知道对方的意思表示所赐予的含义；2 The manifestations of the parties are operative in accordance with the meaning attached to them by one of the parties if一方当事人可以依据该意思表示所指的含义执行该意思表示,假如a that party does not know of any different mea

35、ning attached by the other, and the other knows the meaning attached by the first party; or该当事人不知道另一方当事人所指的不同含义,而另一方当事人知道第一方 当事人所指的含义；b that party has no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other has reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.该当事人没有理由知道

36、另一方当事人所指的不同含义,当事人所指的含义；而另一方当事人有理由知道第一方 21. INTENTION TO BE LEGALLY BOUND 具有法律拘谨力的意图Neither real nor apparent intention that a promise be legally binding is essential to the formation of a contract, but a manifestation of intention that a promise shall not affect legal relations may prevent the forma

37、tion of a contract.当事人有关承诺具有法律拘谨力的意图无论是真实的仍是外表的,对于合同的缔结并不重要,但是假如当事人作出承诺并不影响当事人法律关系的意思表示,不成立；就当事人之间的合同并 22. Mode of Assent: Offer and Acceptance 合意的模式：要约与承诺1 The manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange ordinarily takes the form of an offer or 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - -

38、 - - proposal by one party followed by an acceptance by the other party or parties.双方当事人就交换达成合意的意思表示通常是由一方当事人提出要约或提议,然后由另一方当事人或另一方多数当事人作出承诺；2 A manifestation of mutual assent may be made even though neither offer nor acceptance can be identified and even though the moment of formation cannot be dete

39、rmined.即使要约和承诺都无法被识别,并且合同成立的时间也无法确定,双方当事人也可以作出合意的意思表示； 23. Necessity That Manifestation Have Reference to Each Other作出意思表示应相互参考的必要性It is essential to a bargain that each party manifest assent with reference to the manifestation of the other.任何当事人作出意思表示都应参考对方的意思表示,这一点对交易磋商很重要；TOPIC 3. MAKING OF OFFER

40、S主题三 要约的发出 24. Offer Defined 要约的定义An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made a s to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it.要约就是以交易磋商为目的而为意思表示,使得他人合理地认为该意思表示被邀请并且该交易将要进行； 25. Option Contracts 挑选权合同An o

41、ption contract is a promise which meets the requirements for the formation of a contract and limits the promisors power to revoke an offer.假如一个承诺符合了订立合同的条件,并且限制承诺人撤回要约,就该承诺即构成挑选权合同； 26. Preliminary Negotiations 订约前之商量A manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain is not an offer if the perso

42、n to whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know that the person making it does not intend to conclude a bargain until he has made a further manifestation of assent.假如意思表示所指向的人知道或有理由知道作出意思表示的当事人在作出进一步的意思表示之前并没有意图达成交易,就该以缔结合同为目的的意思表示并不属于要约； 27.Existence of Contract Where Memorial is contemplated

43、在意图制作记录情形下合同的存在Manifestations of assent that are in themselves sufficient to conclude a contract will not be prevented from so operating by the fact that the parties also manifest an intention to prepare an adopt a written thereof; but the circumstances may show that the agreements are preliminary n

44、egotiations.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 双方当事人作出意思表示要采纳书面方式缔结合同这一事实,并不影响当事人已经作出的足以导致合同缔结的意思 表示的执行； 但是这种情形说明这些合意仍旧属于订约前之商量； 拍卖1 At an auction, unless a contrary intention is manifested, 在拍卖时,除非有相反的意思表示,a the auctioneer invites offers from successive bidders which he may ac

45、cept or reject; 拍卖人向全部连续的出价人发出要约邀请,出价人可以承诺或拒绝；b when goods are put up without reserve, the auctioneer makes an offer to sell at any price bid by the highest bidder, and after the auctioneer calls for id the goods cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is made within a reasonable time;假如拍卖标的实行无保留低价拍卖,就拍卖人

46、应发出要约,将拍卖标的以任何价格卖给出价最高者,在拍卖人将标的拍卖后,拍卖人不得撤回其无保留 的时间内无人竞买；低价之拍卖标的,除非在合理c whether or not the auction is without reserve, a bidder may withdraw his bid until the auctioneers announcement of completion of the sale, but a bidders retraction does not revieve any previous bid.不管该拍卖是否是无保留低价之拍卖,竞买人可以在拍卖人宣布成交之前可以撤回竞价,