2022年英语分类复习攻略专题八.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载英语分类复习攻略 I. 句子的种类专题八：句子的种类及五种简洁句型英语中,句子按其作用或按其语法结构 即句子的形式 两种标准分类；下面是详细的分类依据和结果；1 按其作用或使用目的,句子可分为：陈述句 ：This is a truck. 这是一辆卡车；疑问句 ：Is this a truck. 这是卡车吗 . 祈使句 ：Drive the truck away. 把卡车开走；感叹句 ：What a big truck it is. 多么大的卡车 . （2）按语法结构,句子可分为：简洁句 ：I am busy. 我很忙；并列句

2、：I am busy washing, but he is playing basketball with his friends. 复合句 ：Although I am busy washing, he is playing basketball with his friends. 一. 陈述句用于说明一件事,表示一种看法或表达某种心情的句子；陈述句分为确定句和否定句； a. 确定句 He is a middle school teacher. They have visited the museum. b. 否定句使用 not 否定： She doesnt do the cleaning

3、every day. You mustnt take her to your parents. 变成否定句有规章,“ 是” ,“有” “将 ”后加 not,假如没有 “是 ”,“ 有” ,“将” ,动词前面加dontdoesnt/didnt ；使用 not 以外的否定词表示否定：用 no 否定： no+名词 =not any,表示 “ 一点也不 ”；I have no money.=I have not any money. We have no time to do it.=We havent any time to do it. 用 never 表示否定,语气比 not 要剧烈；She h

4、as never been there. / I will never forget him. “ 几乎没有 ” ；few 和 little 分别表示可数名词和不行数名词的否定,含义为 Jack has few friends here. Theres little water in the thermos. no one = nobody 无人 No one knows you here. =Nobody knows you here. nothing = not any thing 什么都没有 I have nothing to wash today. He had nothing to

5、eat that day. neither of 没有什么人（用于两者都不）none of 没有任何人；没有任何物 用于三者或以上 Its none of your business. 这与你无关； / None of us have seen the film. 我们谁也没看过这个电影；Neither of them has ever been to Beijing. 他们两个都没去过北京；含有否定性的副词 hardly几乎不 、seldom很少 的句子；I can hardly remember your name. He seldom has lunch at school. 名师归纳总

6、结 “too.to ” 太 以致不 句型本身具有否定的含义；第 1 页,共 7 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Its too heavy for me to carry. He is too fat to run. 必背：陈述句的否定结构特别情形1. 含有 all, both, each, every, both and 等,确定句加not 变为部分确定；用no, no one, nobody, none, neither, neither nor 等表全部否定；2. 含有 already, too 的确定句加 not 变为否定

7、句,分别把 already 和 too 变为 yet 和 either. He has already finished his work. - He hasnt finished his work yet. We want to go on a trip, too -We don t want to go on a trip, either. 3. 含有 always, many, much, often 等的确定句直接用 never, hardly, few, little, seldom 变为否定句,不加 not There is much food in the kitchen. -

8、There is little food in the kitchen. He always gets up early in the morning. - He never / hardly gets up early in the morning. 4. 以 think 和 believe 为主句谓语的复合句,其从句的否定要前移至主句的谓语上；例如：I dont think you are hungry. 我认为你不饿；We dont believe she will come. 我们信任她不会来的；二. 疑问句用以提问的句子,句末用问号 疑问句分为四种：1）一般疑问句：Does Mr.G

9、reen come from America. 2）特别疑问句：What day is it today. 3）挑选疑问句：Is he a teacher or a cook. 4）反意疑问句：You agree with him, dont you. 一般疑问句一般疑问句要把各种助动词放在句首,读时用升调,回答以yes 和 no 开头,也可以视情形敏捷回答；- Do you work in that lawyers office. -No, I dont work there. - Have you finished your homework. -No, not yet. -Shall I

10、 bring you a cup of coffee. -Yes, please. -Can you wait here for me for a moment. -Certainly. 一般疑问句有时也以否定形式显现,用以表示称赞、批评等带有感情颜色的意思或者表示提出看法、看法和建议等； Didnt I tell you how to do it. 莫非我没告知你应当怎么做吗 . Wont you come to my birthday party. 你莫非不会来参与我的生日晚会吗 . 特别疑问句特别疑问句的构成有两种：疑问代词 作主语 +陈述语序疑问代词 非主语 或疑问副词 +一般疑问句特

11、别问句的朗读用降调,回答时不用 yes 或 no；常用的疑问代词为 who 和 what；疑问副词有 when,where,why,how,how many ,how much , how long ,how often, how far 等等；疑问形容词为 which ；a. 疑问代词 作主语 +陈述语序Who is going to take part in the sports meet of the school. Who broke the glass of the window. What is in the sky. b. 疑问代词 非主语 或疑问副词 +一般疑问句Who are

12、 you looking for. What can you see on the screen. Where do you usually go for a walk. 巧记特别疑问句名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载What 用途真广泛, 要问 “什么 ”它当先,（Whats this.）.问“ 姓名 ” “职业 ” 也在前, 问“ 时间 ”（Whats the time.）How 开头来 问安 ,How are you.Who 问谁,Whos that man. 谁的 Whose 来承担 .W

13、hose book is this. 询 问某地用 Where,Where is the book. 哪一个 Which 句首站； Which one. 挑选疑问句 要求对方对两种或两种以上的情形挑选其一的问句,叫挑选疑问句；挑选问句的两种或多种情形用or 连接,语调先升后降,回答时不用yes 或 no；挑选问句有两种：一般挑选疑问句和特别挑选疑问句； 一般挑选问句Did you solve the problem in this way or in that way. - I did it in that way. Is this a horse or a donkey. -Its a do

14、nkey. Will you come to me or Ill go to your home. -Ill go to your home. 特别挑选问句Which is longer, the Yangtze River or the Nile. 长江和尼罗河,哪一条更长些. . When will you go abroad, this year or next year. 你什么时候出国,今年仍是明年Who did you talk to, Mr. Li or Miss Wang. 你跟谁谈的,李先生仍是王小姐. 反意疑问句 陈述句之后加上一个与之意思相反的简短问句,这种结构的句子叫反

15、意疑问句；反意问句的否定句必需用缩略形式,主语必需用人称代词,不能用名词；反意问句的前一部分用降调 调,表示强调某种意思时用降调；1. 前肯后否 （前一部分为确定式,后一部分为否定式；）1be 动词句型的反意问句：This magazine is yours, isnt it. 这本杂志是你的,不是吗. Your mother was a typist in this company last year, wasnt she. 2 一般行为动词句型的反意问句：She likes eating fish, doesnt she. - Yes, she does. Tom drove the ca

16、r into a tree yesterday, didnt he. - No, he didnt. 3 情态动词的反意疑问句： （need / must ）-Yes, it can. A dog can swim, cant it. , 后一部分在表示疑问时用升You need take some medicine, neednt you. -No, I neednt. （need 为情态动词）You need some medicine, dont you. - Yes, I do. （need 为行为动词）T hey must come on time, needn t they. 表“

17、 必需” 时,附加部分用 needn t That man must be Mr. Wang , isn t he . 表估计“ 肯定,想必”,附加部分依据 must 后的动词确定 4陈述部分是 “there be 结构时,疑问部分用 there 而将主语代词省略；There is something nice on my bed, isnt there. -Yes, there is. 5陈述部分含有不定代词 everyone,someone,anyone,no one 作主语时,附加部分主语用 they 或 he; 不可用 it.陈述部分含有 everything ,something,

18、anything ,nothing 时,附加部分用 it；Everyone in your family likes to listen to the music, dont they. No one knows about it, do they. Everything here is messy, isnt it. 这里全部的东西都乱七八糟的,是不是 . （6）当陈述部分的主语为 this, that 时,附加部分主语用 it,当陈述部分的主语为 those, these 时,附加部分用 they. This is a beautiful picture, isn it . Those a

19、ren t apple trees, are they. 7 当陈述部分动词为 have / has 时,有以下几种情形：a. have/ has 表“ 有” ,附加部分可用 have/ has, 或 do/ does. Tom has a new watch, hasn t he. / doesn t he. 名师归纳总结 b. have/ has/ had to 表“ 不得不”“ 必需” 时,附加部分用do/ does/ did. 第 3 页,共 7 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Kate has to help her m

20、other at home, doesn t she . c. have 表“ 吃,喝,玩,度过” 时,附加部分用 do. They had a good time in Beijing, didn t they. d. had better 表“ 最好” 时,附加部分用 had. We had better stop talking , hadn t we. e. have 用在完成时中,附加部分用 have. Lucy has ever been to Japan, hasn she. 8 当陈述部分为 I am 形式,附加部分用 arent I. I m right, aren t I

21、. 9 陈述部分为主从复合句时,疑问部分的谓语应当与 主句 谓语一样；You dont mind if I smoke here, do you. She said he would come tomorrow, didn t she. 留意：假如陈述部分是“ I dont think believe.+宾语从句 ” 时,反意部分的主语和谓语应与从句一样；I dont think you are successful, are you. I dont believe she has cheated you of that sum of money, has she. I think he is

22、 a good student, isn he. 确定句 （10）祈使句的反意疑问句在表示确定的祈使句后可以加一个简短问句,以使语气听起来动听、客气,可用 will you/ won t you. 否定的祈使句的附加部分用 will you. Have a cup of coffee, will you./ won t you. Don t play with fire, will you . 以 Lets 开头的祈使句,附加部分用shall we. ；在 Let us/ me/ her/ him 开头的祈使句后用“ will you.”Lets go swimming, shall we.

23、/ Lets go and see whats happening, shall we. Let her sing us a song, will you. / Let us help you, will you. 留意：有一类动词,如 hate,dislike,disagree 等,虽然含有厌恶、不喜爱、不同意等否定的意思,但仍要依据确定句来处理；例如：You dislike biology, dont you. 11 感叹句的反意疑问句：感叹句的反意疑问句须用be 动词的现在时,对人用he 或 you；对事物用it,疑问部分必需用否定形式；What a fine day, isnt it.

24、 What a foolish man, isnt he. 2. 前否后肯 （前一部分为否定式,后一部分为确定式；）这一类句子的回答,与汉语习惯有很大不同；回答这种问句,要依据实际情形,而不要考虑 yes 和 no；如果答 案是确定的,就用 yes；假如是否定的,就用 no； You arent a lawyer, are you. 你不是律师,是吧 . Yes, I am. 不,我是律师；No, I am not . 是的,我不是；当前面陈述部分含有表示否定意思的词,如 neither 等,后面的疑问部分要用确定式；never,hardly,seldom, few,little ,nobod

25、y,no one,nothing,He never help others, does he. - Yes, he does. No one can do this job, can he they. -No, he they cant. 三感叹句（用来表达人的特别情感的句子）What 引导的感叹句1. What+ a/ an. + 形容词 +单数可数名词 +主语 +谓语！名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载What a beautiful girl she is. 2. What + 形容词 +复数

26、可数名词 +主语 +谓语！What important jobs they have done. 3. What + 形容词 +不行数名词 +主语 +谓语！What sweet water it is. How 引导的感叹句1. How+ 形容词或副词 +主语 +谓语！How interesting the dog is. 2. How + 形容词 +a/an+单数可数名词 +主语 +谓语！How useful a subject they are learning. 3. How + 主语 +谓语！How time flies. 备注：如何判定用what 仍是 how. 凡有 a/an 开头

27、,或形容词加名词的,多用what; 其他一般用how. 特别形式的感叹句He runs so fast. / Do read it carefully. Wonderful. / Look out . / Great. There she is . 她在那儿！ / There goes the bell. 铃响了！四祈使句（表命令,恳求,劝说,建议等句子）1确定的祈使句Come in . Be quiet. 加强语气,动词前加do, 表“ 务必,肯定” Do come on time. / Do look out . 2否定的祈使句Don t be late . Lets not speak

28、loudly. 3. 特别情形Please sit down. / Stand up , please. Turn off the light, Jim. / Hands up. 举手II. 简洁句的五种基本句型中学阶段,简洁句一般有以下五种句型：S 十 V 主谓结构S 十 V 十 P 主系表结构S 十 V 十 O 主谓宾结构S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主谓双宾结构S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主谓宾补结构说明： S主语； V 谓语； P表语； O宾语； O1间接宾语； O2直接宾语； C宾语补足语基本句型一： S 十 V 主谓结构这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,这些动词常见的有： app

29、ear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载fall, happen, rise, 等等；如：The students study hard. / She apologized again. 基本句型二 : S 十 V 十 P 主系表结构这种句型中的系动词一般可分为以下两类：A. 表示状态的连系动词；这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, kee

30、p, remain, 等等；如：It tastes delicious. / It sounded funny. B. 表示转变或结果的系动词；这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove, 等等；如：The leaves turn yellow in autumn. / Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 基本句型三 : S 十 V 十 O 主谓宾结构这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语；同时,句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语；作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名

31、词或从句；如：I saw a film yesterday. / I dont like fish. 基本句型四 : S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主谓双宾结构,O1间接宾语； O2直接宾语这种句型中作间接宾语的经常指“ 人” ,直接宾语经常指“物” ；如：He gave me an English book yesterday. / Please show me your picture. 这种句型可转换成两种结构：动词 +直宾 +for sb. / 动词 +直宾 +to sb. He gave an English book to me yesterday. / Please show

32、you picture for me. 基本句型五 : S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主谓宾补结构这种句型中的宾语补语可统称为“ 复合宾语 ” , 作补语的经常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等；如：The news made us happy. / Please keep the classroom clean. 留意：动词 have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch 等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带 to；如: The boss made him do the work all day. The tea

33、cher let the students do their homework after class. 【典例 1】 （2022,绍兴, 16）- _ is your husband. - A cook. He works in a restaurant near our home. A. What B. Where C. How D. Which 【答案 】 A【典例 2】 2022, 江苏南京 - _ do you watch TV every week. - Less than two hours. I often have much homework to do. A.How man

34、y B. How much C. How long D. How often 【答案 】 D名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载1. - _ is your husband. - A cook. He works in a restaurant near our home. A. What B. Where C. How D. Which 2. Alice had a wonderful time yesterday, _ . A . hadn t she B. wasn t she C. didn

35、t she D. wouldn t she 3. - I m leaving now. - _ you turn off the lights. A. To make sure B. Make sure C. Made sure D. Making sure 4. - Here is a ticket to the magic show, Jason. - Wow. _ gift it is. Its my favorite. C. How nice D. How delicious A. What a delicious B. What a nice 5. - _do you watch T

36、V every week. - Less than two hours. I often have much homework to do. A. How many B. How much C. How long D. How often 6. - You can t imagine _ great fun chatting online is. - Really. But it may cause you a lot of trouble. A. what B. how C. why D. whether 7. - Mr. Wang s never been to Canada, has h

37、e. - _. He went there on business last week. A. No, he hasn t B. Yes, he has C. No, he has D. Yes, he hasn t 8. - Look. It s raining heavily. _take a raincoat with you. - Well, I ll take one right now. A. Why not B. Why don t C. Would you mind D. Would you like 9. The boy has a new MP4, _. A. doesn

38、t he B. isn t he C. does he D. is he 10. Mary got good grades in school. _ excited she is. A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 11. - _ will the supper be ready. I m very hungry. - In a minute. A. How soon B. How long C. How much D. How often 12. E-mail is very popular today. People seldom write letter

39、s now, _. A. did they B. do they C. didn t they D. don t they 13. - _ is the library from our school. - It s quite near. Just go _ the road. 名师归纳总结 A. How far; cross B. How long; across C. How far; across D. How long; cross 第 7 页,共 7 页14. Dont forge to put the book back on the shelf, _ . D. won t you A. do you B. don t you C. will you - - - - - - -