2022年宏观期末知识点总结.docx

《2022年宏观期末知识点总结.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年宏观期末知识点总结.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师总结 精品学问点宏观学问点总结Chapter26 the exchange rate and balance of payment 1. 名义利率和实际利率的概念,要区分；二者的关系,那个公式；明白一国货币升值表示什么意思； （把握）2. traded weighted index明白 3. 对一国货币的供应和需求的分析 一,供应和需求打算汇率, 要知道哪些 因素影响一国货币的供应和需求,相应的曲线在图上会怎么移动（重点 ）；二,对一种货币的需求是对另一种货币的供应,要清晰某一种货币供给需求变化后,另一种货币的供应和需求会如何变化；（重点）

2、4. 利率平价和购买力平价 （把握）5. international trade 明白6. 汇率政策 ；懂得什么是浮动汇率、固定利率和 区分；（把握）Chapter 27 AD-AS model crawling peg；留意The main purpose of AD-AS model: explain changes in real GDP and price level, which leads to business cycle fluctuations around potential GDP. 1、区分宏观中的长短期宏观中的长短期主要以价格行为加以区分：在长期中,价格是具有伸缩性的

3、,价格水平能够调整到充分就业的均衡状态；在短期中,价格 是具有粘性的（ sticky）,实际 GDP 可能等于、大于、小于潜在 GDP. 2、总供应（ Aggregate Supply）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师总结 精品学问点2.1总供应是描述实际GDP 供应量与价格水平的关系；外 生 变 量The quantity of labor employed The quantity of physical, human capital Quantity of real GDP supplied The s

4、tate of technology AS 内生变量Price level 2.2总供应关系取决于时间范畴企业的产品服务价格具有伸缩性-长期总供应曲线企业的产品服务价格具有黏性短期总供应曲线 2.2.1长期总供应（ long-run aggregate supply a、In the long run, the money wage rate changes in step with the price level; b、Try to explain why the LAS curve is vertical.（重点）the price level change by the real wag

5、e rate the money wage the same percentage does not change rate at the full-employment level real GDP=potential GDP potential GDP is independent of the price level LAS curve is vertical 2.2.2短期总供应（ short-run aggregate supply a、in the short run, the money wage rate, the prices of other resources and p

6、otential GDP remain constant; b、Try to explain why the SAS curve slopes upward. In the short run, when the price level rises real wage rate declines the cost of production decreases employ more labors increases productionreal GDP 黏性工资模型在超短期中,总供应曲线是水平的；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - -

7、 - - - - 名师总结 精品学问点2.3总供应的变动An increase in the Full-employment quantity of labor An increase in the changes in both of LAS and SAS quantity of capital potential GDP curve shift An advance in technology changes in AS Departures from full-employment changes in Expectations about the money wage inflati

8、on rate 3、总需求（ Aggregate demand）only SAS curve shifts 3.1 总需求是描述实际 GDP 需求量与价格水平的关系 Basic formula: Y（实际 GDP 需求量） = C+I+G+X-M aggregate Price level demand 3.2 总需求曲线 Try to explain why the AD curve slopes downward. Method 1 Price level real wealth saving Wealth Effect current consumption AD curve slope

9、s downward 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师总结 精品学问点AD Intertemporal substitution Substitution International price Effcts Method 2 To analysis the relationship between the price level and real GDP by using the quantity theory of money. 3.3影响总需求变动的因素 Expectation ,Fiscal and

10、monetary policy,The world economic（这部分的变化分析要求懂得把握,课本上有详细的总结说明）4、短期均衡与长期均衡 短期均衡： SAS=AD（attention: the money wage rate is fixed长期均衡：货币工资率的不断调整使得经济处于充分就业状态；（重点）In the long-run equilibrium, potential GDP determines real GDP, and potential GDP and AD determine the price level. 凯恩斯主义：强调短期均衡；新古典主义：强调长期均衡5

11、、AS-AD 模型的运用（重点）5.1 说明经济增长,经济增长的过程中相伴通货膨胀 5.2说明经济周期（短期经济波动）5.3总需求变动带来的短期和长期效应（通胀缺口和萧条缺口）5.4 总供应负方向波动会引发滞胀,摸索可以通过何种调整可以使经名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师总结 精品学问点济回来充分就业状态；6、三大宏观经济学的思想流派古典主义：经济能够自我调剂,回来充分就业状态（长期）；新古典认为技术的变化是造成经济波动的主要缘由；凯恩斯主义：强调政府干预,经济不能自身调剂 货币主义： 在货币政策稳固且货币稳

12、固增长的情形下,经济能够自我调剂,处于充分就业的均衡状态Chapter 28 Expenditure Multipliers: The Keynesian Model 凯恩斯模型前提假设 ：1. Price-level is fixed 2. Aggregate demand determines real GDP Aggregate planned expenditure: C+I+G+X-M（留意均为 planned的情形 而非实际情形, C,M 有部分是自发性的 Consumption and saving a. Factors influence consumption and sav

13、ing: 1. Disposal income增加（削减）,c,s增加（削减）；2. Real interest rate增加（削减）,c 削减（增加）,s 增加（削减）；3. Wealth增加（削减）,c 增加（削减）,s 削减（增加）；4. Expected future income增加（削减）,c 增加（削减）,s 削减（增加）b. Consumption, saving functions P673 c. MPC, MPS, MPI: MPC+MPS=1, MPI=changes in investment/ changes in real GDP 名师归纳总结 - - - - -

14、- -第 5 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师总结 精品学问点 Aggregate Planned Expenditure a. Autonomous expenditure: I, G, X, 部分 C, M Induced expenditure: C, M 计 算autonomous expenditure: real GDP=0时 的 aggregate planned expenditure b. AE Curve P677 c. Actual aggregate expenditure= Real GDP Aggregate planned e

15、xpenditure Real GDP（inventories的作用）Aggregate planned expenditureReal GDP, inventories削减；Real GDP, inventories增加；Aggregate planned expenditure d. Equilibrium expenditure: Aggregate planned expenditure= Real GDP Multiplier Multiplier= changes in equilibrium expenditure/ changes in autonomous expenditu

16、re = Y/ A = 1/1- the slope of AE Multiplier1 的缘由： autonomous expenditure的增加会带来 real GDP 增加,进而增加 induced expenditure；当无 income tax, imports时,multiplier= 1/1-MPC=1/MPS 当有 income tax, imports时,multiplier1 b. when government expenditure increases, government borrowing increase and raises the real intere

17、st rate. With the higher cost of borrowing, investment decreases, which will partly offsets the increase in government spending. If this were the only consequence of the increase in government expenditure, the multiplier would be 1. c The actual multiplier depends on which above effect is stronger.

18、3The tax multiplier is the quantity effect a change in taxes on aggregate demand 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Chapter 31 名师总结精品学问点Monetary Policy 1、把握 monetary policy的 objective Maximum employment、Moderate long-term interest rates、Stable prices主 要目标）2、如何 conduct monetary

19、 policy. Fed通过 open market operation第一影响 federal funds rate,接着影响 interest rate,然后影响 quantity of money,最终影响 aggregate demand. 留意： federal funds rate 是 bank持有 reserve的 cost 详细的 process of transmission见书上 759 3、Fed如何 fight recession/inflation. 当经济处于 recession的时候, Fed会降低 federal funds rate使得 monetary ba

20、se增加,从而使得 interest rate削减,间接导致 planned expenditure增加,由于乘数效应,real GDP 会增长到 potential GDP. （书上 762-763这 4 个图要把握）当经济处于 inflation 的时候, Fed会增加 Fed funds rate使得 monetary base削减,从而使得 interest rate增加,间接导致 planned expenditure削减,由于乘数效应,real GDP 会削减到 potential GDP. （书上 764-765这 4 个图要把握） . 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 11 页