2022年定语及定语从句.docx

《2022年定语及定语从句.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年定语及定语从句.docx（24页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 定语及定语从句一,定语 句子中修饰名词或代词的成分叫做定语；定语可以由形容词,名词,不定式,分词,动名词或从句来充当；eg: She is a beautiful girl. （形容词）I met someone funny on my way to Beijing. He is an English teacher. （名词）（名词作定语时一般用单数,例外的有I have a lot of work to do. （不定式）（形容词）（修饰不定代词的定语后置）sports, 如 a sports star）The book written b

2、y a schoolboy is very popular now. （过去分词短语）We can see the rising sun. （现在分词）= the sun is rising. He is in the reading room. 动名词 = the room for reading The boy who broke the window is Tom s brother. （从句）留意： 1.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰的词前面；但当形容词修饰的是 something, anything, everything, nothing, someone, everyone, eve

3、rybody, somewhere 等不定代词时,要放在这些词的后面；present 在场的 , absent 缺席的 作定语时需要后置；2. 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后；students present / absent 3 分词作定语时,即可放在所修饰词前,也可放在所修饰词后名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1）分词前置：单独的一个分词作定语,一般放在所修饰词前； He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人 2）分词后置分词在以下情形,放在所修饰词的后面i. 分词词组； There

4、 was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里ii. 个别分词如 given, left ； This is the question given. 这是所给的问题iii. 修饰不定代词 something 等 There is nothing interesting. 没有好玩的东西过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句；Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who were invited to the pa

5、rty were from South Africa 二,定语从句（ Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词；定语从句通常显现在先行词之后,由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出；关系代词有： who, whom, whose, that, which 等；关系副词有： when, where, why 等；I like the books that are written by Mr. Green. 名师归纳总结 先行词关系词第 2 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A

6、关系词：关系词通常有三个作用：引导定语从句,指代先行词,在定语从句中充当句子成分；关系词类别关系词先行词充当从句中的句子成分who人主,宾,表whom人宾which物主,宾,表关系代词关系副词that人或物主,宾,表as人或物主,宾,表whose人或物定where地点状when时间状whyreason状 Anyone who breaks the law will surely be punished. 1. 先行词指人时,定语从句的引导词：（1）指人时, who 和 that 都可以使用 . （2）who 和 whom 都可以作定语从句宾语,但从句中的介词提前时,不能用 who. He is

7、 the man who / whom I talked to you about.= He is the man about whom I talked to you. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - （3）先行词是人时,只用who, 不用或少用that 的情形：a. 当先行词是one, ones, anyone时,引导定语从句的关系词一般只用who, 不用 that 假如先行词是someone, 也可用 that He is not one who is easily frightened. I think

8、Joe is the one who borrowed my peo. The ones who tell lies wont gain others trust. Anyone who saw the accident should phone the police. Someone who / that claims to be your uncle wants to see you. b. 先行词是 those 时,关系代词一般用 who 不用 that Those who dont wish to go need not go. c. There be 句型中,修饰人的定语从句的关系代

9、词一般只用 who 来引导There is a certain old man in the village who none of us likes. d. 如一个句子中有两个定语从句,第一个已经用that, 就其次个一般用who The man that is talking with our teacher is the professor who gave us a report yesterday. e. 当定语从句与先行词较远时,引导定语从句的关系代词一般只用 who I came across my first teacher in the store yesterday who

10、 was still beautiful. 名师归纳总结 f 非限定性定语从句只用who 来引导 , 不用 that 第 4 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He has a son, who is a doctor. （4）当先行词是人,只用that 不用 who 的情形：关系代词只用that 不用 who a. 以 who 开头的特别疑问句, 定语从句的先行词假如是人,Who is the girl that said hello to you just now. b. 当先行词既有人也有物时,定语从句只用 that 来引导The

11、y ofter talk about the person and things that they remember. c. 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,只用 that 来引导Hes changed. He is not the man that he was. d. 当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时,只用 that. This is the most beautiful lady that I have ever met. e. 当先行词是other 时,定语从句只用that 引导；You can ask the old man or any other that was there a

12、t the time. 2. 先行词是物时 that 和 which 一般可以互换使用,但有时不行换用；（1）以下场合一般用 that:a. 先行词是 all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, the one, none 等不定代词We should do all that is useful to the people. The little that I have seen of his work is satisfactory. b. 先行词被序数词,形容词最高级以及first, last, any, onl

13、y, few, much, no, 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - some, very 等词修饰The first book that I bought in this bookstore is a dictionary. The last person that I talked with in London is my girlfriend The best teacher that I have ever met has gone abroad You can take any seat that is

14、vacant. c. 先行词有两个：一个指人,另一个指物I miss all the people and places that we visited last summer d. 主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特别疑问句；e. There be 句型中,f. 先行词为数词时There is a seat in the corner that is free. Three buildings have been completed, but there are two that are still under construction. （2）以下场合不能用that即逗号后的定语从

15、句不用that 引导,指人时用who 或 whom, a. 在非限定性定语从句中,指物时用 which. b. 在“介词 + 关系代词 ” 结构中不用that, 指人时用 whom, 指物时用 which. This is the book about which we are talking. 名师归纳总结 c. 先行词为 that, those 时,关系词用which 指物, who 指人第 6 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Whats that which you have got in your hand.d. 两个定语从句

16、,一个用了that, 另一个就用which. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. e. 关系代词后有插入语时,只用 which Here are some stamps which I think you can take away. 3. 当关系词在从句中作宾语时,关系词可以省略；4. 当先行词指时间,地点,缘由（the reason）时,且关系词在从句中作状语,用when, where, why 假如关系词在从句中作主语,表语或宾语,就用 that 或

17、which. I want to visit the place where my mother was born. = I want to visit the place in which my mother was born. I still remember the years when I studied in the middle school. = I still remember the years in which I studied in the middle school. I don t know the reason why he didnt agree with us

18、.= I didnt know the reason for which he didnt agree with us.5. 当先行词是 the way, 并且关系词在从句中作方式状语时,可以用 that, in which 引导,也可省略；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 当先行词是time, time 当“ 次数 ”讲时,用 that 引导定语从句,且that 可以省略；当time表示“一段时间,时间” 讲时,定语从句用 when 或 at / during which 引导I don t like the w

19、ay that / in which he talked to his mother.I can hardly remember how many times that Ive failed.I ll never forget the time when / at which we visited your hometown. 6. 当先行词 family, class, team, army, company 等被当作单数时,定语从句中用 which, 被当作复数时,用 who 或 whom. The family, which is a large and rich one, was po

20、or. The party, who are all children, have lost their way. 7. 当先行词是动物时,定语从句一般用 which The dog, which he had kept for five years, was killed by someone yesterday. B“ 介词+ which / whom”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,常常将介词前置于作宾语的关系词前,I love the music that I can dance to. = I love the music to which I can dance.

21、 The man who I talked to just now is my brother.= The man to whom I talked just now is my brother. 名师归纳总结 介词后面的关系词指人时只用whom, 不能用 who 或 that; 指物时只用which, 不能用 that. 第 8 页,共 19 页留意, 并非全部情形下介词都可以前移,含有介词的短语动词不行拆开,介词仍需放在动词后面,如： look for, look after, take care of等；- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - “ 介词

22、 + which / whom ”前仍可以用 代词,名词或数词等；some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等His sons, both of whom loved music very much, spent most of their money on CDs. The house, the roof of which is blue, will be used as a library. C. 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不亲密,去掉定语从句, 句子的意思仍旧完整,形式上用逗号把主句和从句分开,

23、使用时留意以下几点：l 非限定性定语从句不能用 that 引导l 非限定性定语从句中的关系词不能省略；Das 引导的定语从句的用法 1. as 可引导限定性定语从句,用于such as ., so .as .,the same .as 结构中； He bought me such a watch as was advertised in the newspaper. 留意：比较the same as . 和 the same that .He bought me the same watch as I lost last week. 他买了一块和我上星期丢的一样的表；（一样,但不是同一个）He

24、 bought me the same watch that I lost last week. 他把我上星期丢的那块表又买回来了；（同一个）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2. 当非限定性定语从句的先行词不是主句中的某一个词,而是整个主句时,可以用 which 或 as引导；在以下情形下用 as引导：a. 从句意思为 “正如 /正像 .一样 ”b. 从句位于句首,构成以下结构：as is well known 众所周知as often happens 这种情形常常发生as is often the case 情

25、形常常这样 as is supposed 如所预料的一样as has been pointed out 如所指出的在下面情形常常用 which 引导：as has been said before 如前所说主句和从句表示因果关系；He lost the game, which made us very disappointed. 非限定性定语从句是否定意义；E其他：He gained a big fortune, which meant nothing to him. 1. 分隔定语从句：定语从句与先行词之间被其他成分分隔开来,这种定语从句叫做分隔定语从句,此时须留意辨别从句的先行词；The

26、days are gone when we suffered so much. The boss of the company, whose name was Mr. Joe, told the story. 2. 定语从句的谓语与先行词保持人称和数的一样；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 留意：先行词前有 one of 修饰,定语从句的谓语用复数；（not the only one of = one of先行词前有 the only one of 修饰时,定语从句的谓语用单数；Tim is one of the

27、 students who are going to study abroad. 许多同学出国, Tim 是其中之一 Tim is not the only one of the students who are going to study abroad. Tim is the one of the students who is going to study abroad. （同学中只有 Tim 一个人出国）现象 :1 The girl who dances beautifully gave us a performance that day2 Do you know the comrad

28、e who spoke just now？3 She is not the girl that she was three years ago4 This is the book that I bought last week5 I have a house which faces the south6 Hell read all the books that are sold here7 These are some questions that I want to ask you概念 :在复合句中修饰名词或代词,充当定语的从句叫定语从句 ；定语从句翻译模式 : “ 的 ”；名师归纳总结 -

29、 - - - - - -第 11 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 特点 :1 从句开头的 that, which, who, whom等叫引导词 ,它们的作用是把从句引导出来 .2 在理论上 ,从句都有引导词；3 常见的定语从句的引导词有that, which, who, who, whose等；4 引导词其实指代它所说明的名词或代词；5 引导词同时又作定语从句的一个成份主语 宾语 定语 状语 ；6 定语从句一般紧跟在它所说明的名词或代词 先行词 后面 有例外情形 ；7 先行词指定语从句说明修饰 的名词或代词；引导词的用法 : 引导词指代人 先行词是人 的情形

30、 主 宾 定 : Do you know the comrade who spoke just now？The boy that/whom I like most is not only tall and handsome but generous.This is the girl whose father is a driver.引导词指代物 先行词是物 的情形 主 宾 定 :名师归纳总结 I have a house which is located on the hillside第 12 页,共 19 页This is the book that/which I bought last

31、weekThese are some questions that I want to ask you- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - I want to buy the house whose windows are large and red.引导词作主语的情形 : 1 The woman who often comes is Toms mother. 2 I have found a man who can repair my watch3 He is a man who should learn from others4 The houses

32、which are to be built will be given to young workers.5 They work in factory that makes colour TV sets.引导词作宾语的情形 :I have read all the books that you gave me.This is the best film that I have ever seen.That is the very computer that I want to buy.He is a man whom we should learn fromI know the man who

33、m you talked to.引导词作定语的情形 :The house whose windows are big is not newly built.Do you know the woman whose daughter is ill.引导词作状语的情形 :名师归纳总结 引导词作介词的宾语的情形:第 13 页,共 19 页一、 that / who / whom/ which的用法：- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 引导词 that 可以在定语从句中指代人或事物,充当主语或宾语；1 She is not the girl that she wa

34、s three years ago2 This is the book that I bought last week先行词是人,可以用 who 主语 或 whom （宾语）来代替 that ；先行词是物,可以用which 来代替 that.1 Do you know the comrade who spoke just now？2 The TV which you bought is too old.练习1 I ll never forget the days _ we spent together in the mountains.2 The houses _ are to be buil

35、t will be given to young workers.3 They work in a factory _ makes cars.4 The woman _ often comes is Tom s mother.I know the man _ you talked to.留意事项 1：（不用 that）1介词的宾语 ,不用 that2 引导非限制性定语从句 ,不用 that1 The desk on_ there are some books are newly bought.2 I ve lost my pen, _ I like very much.3 Is this th

36、e pen with _ he wrote the famous book.4 The street along _ there no trees is newly built.Which is the door behind _ Mary is hidden.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 留意事项 2：（不用 which ）1先行词是下面的单词,或者被下面的单词修饰 which ：/说明/限制,不用all / few / little / much / none / nothing / something

37、/ anything /any / every /no / each / some /any / none of2 先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级, 不用 which3先行词前有 the only / the very / the same / the last, 不用 which1 All _ we have to do everyday is practising singing.2 In the library there is no book _ is worth reading.3 I ve read all the books _ you gave me.4 This is the

38、 best film _ Ive ever seen.5 That is the very type of computers _ I want to buy. 6 It is not the only dictionary _ he has bought.7 Which is the book _ you bought yesterday.8 Who is the man _ is talking with your father. 9 They were talking about the things and persons _ they had seen in that school.

39、补充说明：下面情形,要用that 引导定语从句：a先行词既有人又有物 b防止重复 二、 whose 的用法：指代人或物,在从句中作定语,表示“他/它的 ”：He is using a desk whose legs are not of the same length. We all dislike the boy whose father is a manager.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1 The house whose windows are big isnt newly built.2 Have

40、 your called Mrs Liu, whose daughter was also hurt in the accident.3 Can he be the man whose car has been stolen.三、 when / where / why 的用法：指代表示时间、地点、缘由的名词,在从句中充当状语：1 I ll never forget the days _ we played volleyball on the beach.2 They want to rent a house _ they keep their product.3 Does anybody kn

41、ow the reason _ she didnt come yesterday.l I doubt if the reason _ he told you was true.说明 the way, 用 that, 而不用 how ；说明 the moment 、 time （day）, 用 that 代 when ：1 I thought you were still a student the first time I saw you.2 The moment I saw you I felt something unusual might have happened.3 Can this

42、 be the way he dealt with the problem.4 I dislike the way he spoke to his mother.5 Dont stop and use your dictionary every time you come to a new word.四、 such as/the same. as / as 的用法：表示 “象”、“正如 ”、“就象 ”,代替一个单词或者一个句子；1 You can never see the same film _ we saw last night.2 Can such a dictionary _ you have be borrowed from the library.3 He didn t come, _ we had expected.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页,共 19 页精选学习资