2022年高考英语语法精讲精练-非谓语动词.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 新课标高三其次轮专题讲解非谓语动词是高考的重点和热点,也是我们英语学习中所遇到的难点之一；非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式,V-ing 分词（又分为现在分词和动名词）和过去分词；1.非谓语动词的语法功能所能充当的成分主语表语宾语宾语（主语）补足语定语插入语（独立成分）现在分词V-ing 形式动名词不定式（ to do ）过去分词（ done）注：常见作独立成分的非谓语动词to tell you the truth 实话说 ,needless to say 不用说 ,to be honest/frank 老实说, 坦白说 , to be more

2、exact 更准确地说 ,to make things worse 更糟的是 , not to mention 更不用说 , Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking 一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说 2.非谓语动词的变化形式非谓时态语态构成复合结构否定式语形式主动被动不定一般式to do to be done for sb. to do 在“ to ”前加 not to have been 进行式to have done sth. done 或式完成式to be doing / 或 never of sb. to do 完成to have been /

3、sth. 进行式doing 动名一般式doing being done sb. 或sb在前加 not s 特殊留意复合结having been doing 构的否定式：词完成式having done 作主语要用sbs not doingdone sbs doingsbs not having done 名师归纳总结 现在与动名词变化形式相同在前加 not 第 1 页,共 27 页分词- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - （一）辨别谓语与非谓语特殊留意分析句子的结构才能辨别谓语与非谓语；The traffic rule says young children

4、 under the age of four and must be in a child safety seat. _ less than 40 pounds A. being weighed B. weighs C. weighed D. weighing 【解析】简单误选B 或 C,将其当成谓语看待；under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds 用作 children 的定语；动词 所以挑选 weighing；weigh 与名词 children 是主动关系, _ blood if you can and many lives will

5、be saved. A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give 【解析】 假如不留意分析句子结构,型；答案 B；（二）非谓语作主语、宾语的重点会误选 A 或 C 项；这是祈使句 +and+陈述句的句1.it 充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是特别重要的；I think it important for us to learn English very well. 我认为对我们来说学好英语是特别重要的；it 作形式主语使用动名词的句型 It is

6、 no use/no good/useless+doing sth. It is no use crying. 哭没有用； It is funa great pleasure, a waste of time It is a waste of time trying to explain. 设法说明是铺张时间；2.用不定式仍是用动名词作宾语有特殊规定 I don t want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managerto have s plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. so

7、unding D. sounded 【解析】 want 后要跟动词不定式作宾语,sound是连系动词不用被动式,与谓语动词没有时间的先后,故不行用它的完成式；答案 A；类似的学问点要记牢； 如：help, hope, ask, refuse, decide, promise, wish, pretend, expect, arrange, learn, plan, demand, dare, manage, agree, prepare, fail, determine, offer, choose, desire, elect, long 等 动词后要用动词不定式作宾语； It is dif

8、ficult to imagine his _the decision without any consideration. A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted 【解析】 imagine 要求用动名词作宾语；答案B；类似的学问点要记牢；以下常见的这些动词（组）后要用动词动名词作宾语suggest, risk, devote oneself to（建议冒险去献身）finish, imagine, bear/stand, look forward to （完成想象忍希望）give up, delay/put off, regret, mi

9、ss （舍弃延期悔失去）insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, fe el like, practice （坚持观赏要实践）pay attention to, excuse, escape/avoid, object to （留意原谅逃 /避反对）keep, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind（保持习惯勿介意）be worth, set about/burst out/get down to, be busy （值得开头将忙乎）3.用不定式仍是用动名词作宾语意义不同名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共

10、 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - In some parts of London, missing a bus means _for another hour. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting 【解析】此题意为“ 在英国的一些地方,假如错过了公交车就意味着再等一个小时；”mean doing sth 意为“ 意味着什么” ,mean to do sth 意为 “ 试图、准备做什么 ” ；答案 A；类似的学问点要记牢；动词本身意义不变,跟不定式和动名词意义不同remember to do sth. 记住要做

11、remember doing sth.记得过去做过 forget to do sth. 忘了已做过的事 forget doing sth. 遗忘要做某事 动词本身意义转变,跟不定式和动名词意义不同 regret to do sth.对立刻要或不做的事表示遗憾 regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或懊悔 mean to do sth.准备,想要 mean doing 意味着,意思是 try to do sth. 努力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事 can t help doing sth. 情不自禁,忍不住can t help to do sth. 不能帮忙做

12、某事 be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider to be 认为是consider doing 考虑做某事 动词本身意义不变,跟不定式被动式和动名词意义相同 want,need,require 接动名词表示被动意义,接不定式就要用被动式,这时主语与 动名词之间为动宾关系These young trees require looking after （=to be looked after ）. The matter needs thinking over=to be thought over. 以下动词跟动词不定式做目的状语,跟动名词作宾语 stop

13、 to do 停下来,要做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）stop doing 停止做（动名词作宾语）go on to do 接着做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）go on doing 连续做同一件事（动名词作宾语）4.有些动词后要用“ 疑问词不定式” 结构作复合宾语 It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 【解析

14、】此题考查“ 疑问词不定式” 和动词短语do with 的用法；答案C；（三）非谓语作表语的重点 不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区分；不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语,含义是回答主语“ 是什么” ；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,含义是回答主语“ 怎么样” ；Our plan is to keep the affair secret. 我们的方案是让这件事成为隐秘；Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people. 他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - -

15、 - - - - - The music they are playing sounds exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人兴奋；This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world. 这个漂亮的村庄仍未外界所知；现在分词和过去分词作表语的区分；现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样” 的；现在分词说明主语的特点,过去分词说明主语的状态；如：This dog is frightening. 这条狗让人可怕； （说明狗的特点）This dog is frightened. 这条狗有些可怕； （说明狗的心

16、理状态）Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a days climbing. 爬山是累人的,爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了；我们的状态）留意：在以下句中,非谓语动词详细的语法功能（tiring 说明 climbing 的特点, tired 说明What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales. 他想建议的是降价促销；（不定式作表语,说明主语 “ 是什么” ）My American teacher is to leave China

17、soon. 我的美国老师即将离开中国；（不定式作表语,表示将来）Her work is taking care of the children. 她的工作是照管小孩； （现在分词作表语,说明主语“ 是什么” ）She is taking care of the children. 她在照管小孩； （构成进行时, 说明主语正在执行的动作）The cup is broken. 杯子碎了；（过去分词作表语,说明主语所处的状态）The cup was broken by Peter.杯子是被彼得打坏的； （构成被动语态,说明主语是动作的承 受者）（四）非谓语作宾语补足语的重点 1.懂得下表中所列的关系

18、非谓语与宾语的规律关系与谓语动作的时间关系不定式主动关系 在谓语动词后发生 不带 to 的不定式表示动作的全过程现在分词主动关系同时进行过去分词被动关系动作已经完成或表示状态When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. （主动进行）I saw him go to the cinema. （主动,全过程）We heard her singing next door.（主动进行）We heard the song sung by her next door. （被动完成）We heard the song being sung next door. （被动进

19、行）2.以下动词和短语必需以用不定式作宾语补足语 wish, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on, depend on 留意： advise/allow/permit/forbid + 宾语 +不定式作宾语补足语advise/allow/permit/forbid + 动名词作宾语时 What did the librarian _ out of the library. 名师归纳总结 A. permit to tak

20、e B. forbid to be taken 第 4 页,共 27 页C. allow to take D. insist being takenI don t allow _ in my office and I dont allow my family _ at all. A . to smoke smokingB. smoking to smoke C. to smoke to smoke D. smoking smoking- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 答案： BB 3. 在 think, consider, find 等动词后常用to

21、be +adj. 结构作宾语补足语,有时to be 省略；We all discover him to be kind and honest. 4.几个特殊的结构 have+宾语 +do/doing/done “ have + 宾语 + do sth ” 意为“ 让 / 叫/ 使某人做某事” ；此结构中的 have 是使役动词,宾语后的 do sth 是不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语；The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day. 老板常常要他们一天工作 14 个小时；“have +宾语 + doing ” 意为“ 叫 / 让/ 使某人做

22、某事或让某种情形发生” ；宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语,表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系,且动作正在进行；Dont have the dog barking much, Lilin. 李林,别让狗狂吠不停；“ have + 宾语 +done” 意为“ 让 / 叫/ 使/ 请别人做某事” 或者是“ 遭受 / 遭受了 ,此时, 主语是无意中的受害者,而不是动作的执行者” 的意思；宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语,说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系；We had the machine mended just now.我们 刚才请人把机器修好了；He had his leg inj

23、ured while playing football. get+宾语 +to do/doing/done他在踢足球时腿受了伤；三种结构的意义请参看上述“have+宾语 +do/doing/done ” 的意义说明；He got his sister to help him with his clothes. Can you really get that old clock going again 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服；你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了； catch sb

24、. doing sth逮住某人干某事 If she catches me reading her diary, she ll be furious. 假如她抓住我偷看她的日记,她会愤 怒的； make + oneself + done oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系,或者说是被动关系话；He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲（五）非谓语作定语的重点 1.懂得下表中所列的关系分类形式与被修饰词的规律关系与谓语动作的时间关系不定式to do 动宾关系在谓语动作后发生“the last/

25、next/first.后常接不定式作在谓语动作前或者后发生定语,表示主谓关系现在to be done 被动关系在谓语动作后发生doing 主动关系与谓语动作同时进行分词being done 被动关系与谓语动作同时进行过去done 被动关系在谓语动作之前发生分词存在的状态或情形It is a good chance to practice your spoken English. 这是练习你的口语的好机会；He was the last one to leave the office. 他是最终一个离开办公室的；The woman standing over there is our Engli

26、sh teacher. 站在那边的那个妇女是我们的英语老 师；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The house to be built =which will be built/which is to be built next year will be our new library. （将要建的）The house being built =which is being built now will be our new library.（正在建的）The house built =which was bu

27、ilt last year is our new library now. I like reading books written by Lu Xun. 我喜爱读鲁迅写的小说；2.动词不定式尾后的介词不能丢（已经建成的）When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _. A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 【解析】该题中须用不定式短语作后置定语,排除 B 和 D；答案 A 中,没有 to 就意味着是把 G

28、eorge 这个人打发走； 本句意思是将该报告送给这个人George, it 指这个报告,因此 to 不能少；答案 C；（六）非谓语作状语的重点1.懂得下表中所列的关系非谓语与规律主语（即句子的主语）的关系与谓语动作的时间关系doing（一般式）作状语主动关系（几乎）与谓语动作同时进行having done（完成式）主动关系先于谓语动作发生作状语having been done（完成被动被动关系先于谓语动作发生式）作状语done（过去分词）作状语被动关系已经在过去发生或是不特别强调时间概念Waiting =When I was waiting to see the doctor, I met

29、with a friend of mine. Having =Because we have made full preparations, we are sure to be successful. Having been shown around=After we had been shown the library, we were then taken to see the laboratory.Seen =When the town is seen from the hill, the town looks more beautiful. Locked =When he was lo

30、cked up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.2.too to , enough to do , only to 等结构表示结果The boy is too young to join the navy. 这男孩太小参不了海军；The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people. 这厅大得足以容纳一千人；They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet他们搬起石头结果却砸了自己的脚；留意：动词作结果作状语表示未曾预料的

31、结果,而现在分词作结果状语表示自然而然或 必定的结果；Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. 3.分词（短语）作状语的附着规章 使用分词（短语）作句子状语时,有一条规章必需遵守：即分词（短语）的规律主语应 当与句子的主语一样,否就句子就是错句；_from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. C. H

32、ave seen D. To see A. Seen B. Seeing 【解析】 此处是非谓语动词做状语,规律主语是句子的主语,非谓语动词与规律主语是 被动关系,用过去分词；答案 A ；对比： Seeing from the top of the tower, we can find the south foot of the mountain is a sea of 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - trees. 主要：已经成为固定用法的非谓语动词（短语）不需要遵守这条附着规章常见的的有： considerin

33、g 鉴于 / 考虑到 , judging by/from 从 来看,依据 来判定 ,supposing that假定 , providing that 假定 ,according to 依据 ,including 包括 ,owing to 由于 ,talking /speaking of 谈及 given 考虑到 , provided that 假如 4.独立主格结构和 with 复合结构 规律主语 +不定式 /现在分词 /过去分词I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. 今日我先给你寄 100 美元；其余的钱一年内

34、间续寄过去；Weather permitting, Ill go to the park with my parents on Sunday. 假如天气答应,星期天我将和爸妈去公园；All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到全部的情形,原先方案好的旅行不得不取消； withwithout+ 宾语 +不定式 /现在分词 /过去分词time. With a lot of difficult problems to settle ,the newly elected president is havi

35、ng a hard 有许多难题要解决新任总统日子可不好过！Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 由于没有东西吃,他饿死了；The Yangtze river is very busy with so many boats and ships coming and going every day. 每天长江上各种船只来来往往显得特殊劳碌；Without any more time given, we couldnt finish the task in three weeks. 假如不另给我们时间的话,我们三星期之内完成不了任务；With eve

36、rything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都支配妥当之后, 他离开了办公室；（七）不定式的省略不定式的省略我们可以分作两种,一种是对不定式符号“ to ”的省略（如：make sb. do sth等）；另一种就是不定式符号“ to ” 后省略实义动词的形式；这儿讲的是其次种情形（又称不定式符号 to 的替代作用） ；常见情形有：would/should like/love to, used to, have to, ought to, be going to, be able to, be willing to 等后面的 to 均 为不定式符号,

37、重复时可省略 to 后该不定式短语；如： Could you lend me your dictionary. 能把你的词典借给我吗？ I d like to lend you my dictionary. 行；动词 afford, agree, expect, forget, hope, intend, manage, need, pretend, refuse, try, want, wish 等后面常接不定式短语作宾语,重复时可省略 to 后该宾语；如：你；You may ask him for help if you want to ask him for help. 假如你情愿,可以

38、请他帮动词 allow, beg, expect, forbi d, force, invite, order, permit, tell, persuade 等后面常接不定式短语作宾语补足语,重复时可省略 to 后该宾语补足语；如：I ll go to her birthday party if she invites me to go to her birthday party. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 假如她邀请我参与她的生日聚会,我会去；（八）非谓语动词的规律主语 一般说来非谓语动词的规律主语要么

39、就是句子的主语或宾语,要么就是被它所修饰的 中心词； 但是有时需要明确非谓语动词所表示动作的执行者或承担者,这时就要标明它的逻 辑主语；当动名词短语作主语、宾语或表语时,具出名词特性,其规律主语由“ 名词全部格 或形容词性物主代词” 表示,放在动名词短语之前；当动名词短语不在句首时,也 可由“ 名词一般格或代词宾 格” 表示；Helen Her being absent made the teacher very angry. 海伦 /她没来上课,让老师很生 气；They insisted on my/me speaking at the meeting. 他们坚持要我在会上发言；形容词 +f

40、or + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式 形容词通常表示事物的性质I t is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday. 项工作；你们有必要在星期五前做完这His idea is for us to travel in different cars. 他的想法是让我们乘不同的车去旅行；形容词 +of+ 名词或代词 + 动词不定式形容词往往表示人物的性格和特点How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase. 花瓶打破了；他真不当心,把如此珍贵的It s brave of yo

41、u to go into the burning building to save the baby.你真英勇,冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿（九）关于 there be 的非谓语形式 there be 非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语1.作动词宾语时,通常用there to be 结构,而不用there being；能这样用的及物动词为：expect,like ,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate 等,如：We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind. 我们不期望有任何同志掉队；They hate the

42、re to be long queues everywhere.他们不情愿到处都要排长队；We have no objection to there being a meeting here 我们并不反对在这里开会；2.作状语多用there being 结构,但如置于介词for 之后要用 there to be There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself 由于邻近没有人, 我只得独自干了； 缘由状语 It s too early for there to be anybody up太早了,仍不会有人起床； 作程度状语 There

43、 having been no rain for a long time ,the ground was very dry. 由于好长时间没下雨了,地面特别干燥； 缘由状语 3.作主语时两种结构都可以,但如是用 for 引导就要用 there to be. It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young. 老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的；There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers. 校内内有幼儿园对女老师特别便利；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Please do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited 【解析】1. 作宾语时的区分 I cant stand _ with Jane in the same of fice. She just refuses_ talkin