2022年新编语用学教程课后答案.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Introduction check your understanding 1. f Syntax and semantics each have their own strengths. 2. f Pragmatics is also interested in how language use affects the language system. 3. t 4. f 5. t In-Class Activities 1. ASK 1 Yes, hes coming.2 Yes. No, he isnt coming 3 His know

2、ledge about whether Pat likes cognitive linguistics or not. 2. 1 a. John is obviously not Hitler. There is only one Hitler in the world. b. Golf as an inanimate object cant play a human being John.c. It is a case of tautology that conveys no new information. d. “ Idea ” doesn t have color and cant s

3、leep since it is inanimate. The whole sentence doesnt make sense.2 a. it can be used for communication in a context where John shares some personality with Hitler. b. when John is a poor player of golf. c. in a context where a certain boy has done something wrong out of naughtiness. 3 when the sente

4、nce is used in poetry to personalize the word idea. 3.1 a. In an entrance of a park. b. In the restroom of some public places like an airport. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - a. People are forbidden to bring dogs into the park. b. This place is for adults to change infant di

5、apers.4. 1 Here the speaker wants to express his complaint that the couple are talking too loudly and the implicit request for them to stop talking. 2 By saying so, the young man wants to convey their refusal to “ my” request.The background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to l

6、isten to other people private conversation, it is normal that hear a word thus the t couple can continue their talk. 5.1 This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, whatever the reason. 2讲卫生的人不会任凭吐痰；6. 1 This is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so del

7、icious that it can make the customers wife jealous. The “ French toast” probably means a type of specialty provided by this holiday inn. 2 C: 你去哪里？吃饭了没？E: How are you. Hows everything going.t speak French. 7. 1 He means he doesn2 Russian majors don speak French. 3 Yes. It helps to indicate a negativ

8、e answer. 8. 1 a. He uses “ that ” under the assumption that his mom knows which letter is being referred to. b. He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, which is impolite. 2 Johnny: Mom, Ping Ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon. Mother: Who is Ping Ping. 名师归纳总结 -

9、 - - - - - -第 2 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3 Wang: Its not my fault, is it.Li: Yes. - Native speaker: Hi, you look good. Zhang: Not good, not good at all. Exercises Task3.1. when we get someone to do something, we tend to minimize the effort to be involved, but when we complain we tend to exag

10、gerate the complaint. People want to be polite by mitigating缓解,减轻,安静the imposition, which is face-threatening. 2. The first imperative is a general grammatical form, but the second, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the addition of will you 3. in the office Boss

11、: Come to my office later. Clerk: Yes, sir. - during the afternoon tea Boss: How is your dad, Tom. Clerk: Hes fine. Thanks, Pat.4. He wants to suggest that he did not break the window because he was engaged with . in something else in other places. 5. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye, Holden, a m

12、iddle school student always breaks the pragmatic conventions and in that way shows his rebellion.6. While we teach English to Chinese students, we not only impart linguistic information phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax of English but also pragmatic information appropriate use of English

13、in dynamic context. For instance, how we can use the question tag反了？ tag questions to sound more tentative and be polite. Unit 1名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Check your understanding 1. f That is the view held by John Austin in the early stage. 2. f Implicit performative u

14、tterances do not have a performative verb. 3. f 4. f The completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressees cooperation.5. t In-Class Activities” or “ I apologize erformed those ” , you have p” are 1.1 If youve ever said “ I promiseactions by the simple act of saying them. But “ I know ” a

15、nd “ I believedeclarative. Saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or knowledge of the speaker. 2 a. I wish you a great success. I admit Im wrong.b. I misunderstand your point. I see what you mean. 3 Yes. For example, when we say 我在这里向你赔礼 ”,we are performing the act of ap

16、ologizing. 2.1 “ A full apology” here means a wholly performative utterance of apology like “ We apologize to the Chinese government and the Chinese people” . Indeed, “ sorrnot a performative verb. 2 To some extent, 3. “ sorry ” can implicitly perform the act of apology.1 The kidnapper intends to pe

17、rform the acts of threatening and requiring. 2 He wants to make his words sound like an advice instead of a threatening. 4. 1 a. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying “ Today is not a free admission dayillocutionary act: it implicitly requires people to pay the admission fee. perlocutionary ac

18、t: people pay the admission fee if at all. b. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying and your support” .illocutionary act: it implicitly urges people to donate. perlocutionary act: people donate money if at all. “ Thank you for your generous donation a Admission fee required today s bWe expect

19、your generous donation and your support The first is chosen to be less imposing. The second is chosen to attractpeople donation. 5. 1 No, it is not a verdictive. It is just an advertisement from s a hotel whose name happens to be “ Jurys ” .2 The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers

20、. Exercises Task 3 1. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - a. constative . locution: “ No smoking in this area” . Illocution: Forbidding people from smoking here. Perlocution: People do not smoke here. b. constative. Locution: “ Ticket passengers only” . Illocution: Asking passen

21、gers to buy tickets if they want to enter the museum. Perlocution: Passengers buy tickets to enter the museum. c. constative. Locution: “ Token vending machine” . Illocution: Informing thethe fact that they can buy tokens through this machine. Perlocution: People buy tokens through this machine if a

22、t all. 2. Yes. It solves the problem that constatives can indeed be regarded as implicit ways of doing things. Thus, all utterances are “ performative” in essence.” . The actual effect may be that A is Yes, I agree. Suppose A said to B “ it s stuffy here understood to be complaining, but the intende

23、d effect is that someone should open the window or the door and it may bring B to perform the act instead of letting him just listen to As complaint.3. 1a, 2a, and3a are performative utterances and can stand the test “ here However, in 1b, 1c and 2b, 2c, “ know” , “ think ” , “ amuse” and “ flatter

24、performative verbs. In 3b, the third person subject is used. In 3c, simple past tense is used. 4. Both verdictives and exertives involve a demonstration of powers, rights, or influence. However, verdictives have the illocutionary force of issuing a formal or official judgment and giving a verdict, w

25、hile exertives involve making decisions in favor of or against a certain course of action, or advocacy of it. 5. These utterances are not true or false, that is, not truth-evaluable. The uttering of them on formal occasions is or is part of the doing of a certain kind of action, the performance of w

26、hich, again, would not normally be described as just “ saying ” or “ describing something cf. Austin 1962, 5.e.g. “ This meeting is now adjourned.”“ The court is now in session.”“ This church is hereby de-sanctified. ” 批准,认可,使合法化 Unit2 Check your understanding 1. f It is criticized as lacking criter

27、ia for classification. 2. f The hearer is held responsible. 3. f 4. t 5. f In-Class Activities 1. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1 No, they are essentially directives. 2 “你能帮我仍书吗,感谢哦；”“ Well be very grateful for your presence.3 Because they expect other peoplecompliance ins

28、tead of refusals. One feels indebted感谢的 , 受惠的 , 蒙恩的 i f one does not comply with the request. 2. 1 Commissives 2 Yes. The second promise is achieved with a condition which may turn the promise a commissive into a requirement a directive. 3. 1 No. Utterance a is a threat. Utterance b involves somethi

29、ng that the speaker cannot xcontrol. Utterance c describes something in the past rather than something that the speaker will do in the future. Utterance d involves an act that the hearer rather than the speaker will do in the future. Utterance e has a third person as the subject. Utterance f is a st

30、atement about something that happened in the past. 2 a. propositional content condition what is said is about something that the speaker has done wrongly; b. sincerity condition the speaker is serious or sincere in making the apology; c. preparatory conditions e.g. the person who is apologizing shou

31、ld have made mistakes d. essential condition both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology. Zhang: 这件事你不应这样处理的；Li: 好嘛,算我错了行了吧；4. where the speaker is not sincere 1 The customer when he says there is a fly in my soup which is meant to be a complaint. 2 Because saying that can normall

32、y attract the waiters attention and the waiter knows what to do in a context like this. Yes. Sometimes, we speak indirectly to save our or others face.3 Yes, I agree with her. Hearing the customers words, the waiter may not take it seriously if he is not joking. 5. 1 The role of the underlined part

33、is explaining the reason of the refusal so that Andy will accept Jacks refusal more readily. Not necessarily. A white lie also does the same trick. 2 a. Calling on people to save water. b. Denying people the right to park here. The “ irrelevant” information is used to enhance the chances of successf

34、ully performing the directive acts. Exercises Task3. 1. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - a. Austin was a leading exponent of analytical or Ordinary Language philosophy. His work in the 1950s provided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for the modern study of speec

35、h acts developed subsequently. He was the initiator of the speech act theory. He drew the distinction between constative utterances and performative utterances, although he latter discarded the distinction. He introduced the trichotomy of locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Jo

36、hn Searle is widely noted for his contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and social philosophy. Searle has introduced the notion of indirect speech act. He has reclassified illocutionary acts. He has developed the theory into a general theory about human communication. b. Sp

37、eech act sequence; responsive acts. 2. No. Threatening seems to be a directive as well as a commissive act. Open. 3.Learn how to do speech acts in L2. Doing the same speech act in L1 and L2 may not be the same. 4.Depends on whether the sincerity condition is violated or not. 5. a. declaration b. rep

38、resentative c. representative d. directive e. expressive f. commissive g. directive h. commissive i. declaration 6. “ Excuse me” is usually used to interrupt other people, so its preparatory condition is that there are others talking about or doing something, when the speakers interruption is not ex

39、pected. However, “ sorry ” is used in a different situation, and its preparatory condition is that the speaker has made a mistake. 7. Effectiveness: abcd other things being equal Politeness: abcd other things being equal 8. a. It runs counter to the preparatory condition that the door must be closed

40、 at the moment. b. It goes against the sincerity condition. It is felicitous as an act of thanking c. It goes against the preparatory condition that what the speaker is going to do must be to the hearers disadvantage yet refusing to eat dissert is not.Unit 3 Check your understanding 1. f 2. f 3. f 4

41、. f 5. f In-Class Activities 1 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1 a. direct answer about his fathers professionb. His father can help. c. His father cannot help. 2 A: Your father must be very great. B: He is a lawyer. - A: Does your father earn a lot of money B: He is a lawye

42、r. 2. 1 Both of them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meaning of the words. 2 An implicature can be part of sentence meaning or dependent on conversational context, and can be conventional or unconventional. But connotation is conventional and attached to words. “ he is a fox” in respon

43、se to 3 “ Fox” can connote cunningness. When we say do you think of Jack. 3. ” , we indicate that Jack is cunning like a fox.1 Yes, it implies that Jack has one and only one brother. 2 Entailments are true whenever the statement uttered is true, but different implicatures may be derived when the sen

44、tence is used in different contexts. No. Yes. For instance, Jack has a brother; indeed, he has two. 3 A: Jack must be spoiled by his parents. B: Jack has a brother. 4. 1 cancelability or defeasibility. 2 Yes. The words “ not yet ” has the conventional implicature that something is possible after the

45、 given time. 5. 1 Jack may refill his car in the garage. 2 Yes, the garage may be closed at the moment. 3 a. The sea foods are fresh. / Do buy the sea foods. b. You can win here. /Play here. 6. 1 Hearer meaning is the hearers understanding of the speakers utterance. 2 A: Tom is quite clever in that aspect. B: I agree. Hes the cleverest person Ive ever seen.A: But I dont mean he is really clever in that aspect. 3 a. Hearers and speakers background knowledge may be different. b. Their expectations, beliefs, and the like may be different. 名师归纳总结 - -