2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案.docx

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1、2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案（江南博哥）材料题根据下列材料，回答问1-20题The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term plant neurobiology was1around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be2to intelligence in animals.3plants lack brains, the firing of el

2、ectrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that4consciousness, researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it5so greatly from that of animals that so-called6of plants int

3、elligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have7that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters,8a plant nervous system,9to that in animals, said lead study author Lincoin Tair, “They10claimed that plants have brain-like co

4、mmand centers at their root tips.”This11makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,12it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.13, the signaling in a plant is only14similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more

5、than a mass of cells that communicate by electricity, Tair said.For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold15of complexity and capacity is required, he16. Since plants dont have nervous systems, the17that they have consciousness are effectively zero.And whats so great about consciousness,

6、anyway? Plants cant run away from18, so investing energy in a body system which19a threat and can feel pain would be a very20evolutionary strategy, according to the article.1单选题第1题答案是A.coinedB.discoveredC.collectedD.issued正确答案：A参考解析：coin 创造 discover 发现、找到 collect 获得、收集 issue 发布、发表翻译：植物神经生物学这个这与被_，围绕

7、着这个概念，植物某些方面的行为可以与动物的智力相对比。原文意思为plant neurobiology这个术语产生于一个概念(notion)， that 后面的部位是同位语从句，修饰notion，所以空格处应该是被产生、被创造，A正确。2单选题第2题答案是A.attributedB.directedC.comparedD.confined正确答案：C参考解析：attribute 把.归因于 direct 指向、指示 compare 比较 confine限制翻译：植物神经学这个术语被创造源于一个概念，这个概念是植物的某些行为可以与动物的某些智力行为相_。将A选项带入，植物的某些行为归因于动物的智力

8、，错误。B选项，植物的某些行为可以指向动物的智力，错误，D带入，植物行为的某些行为可能只局限于动物的智力，C选项，植物的某些行为可以与动物的智力行为相比较。C正确。3单选题第3题答案是A.unlessB.whenC.onceD.though正确答案：D参考解析：unless 除非 when 当. once 一.就. 、曾经 though 尽管翻译：_植物没有大脑，但是在它茎和叶中发射电信号还是触发了反应，这个暗示意识的存在。人的大脑是存在意识的，植物没有大脑，但是它还有电信号的反应，前后两句有转折，D正确。4单选题第4题答案是A.coped withB.consisted ofC.hinted

9、 atD.extended正确答案：C参考解析：cope with 解决、处理 consist of 由.构成 hint at 暗指 extend 延伸翻译：尽管植物没有大脑，但是在植物的茎和叶中发射电信号也能产生反应，这个反应_意识。将四个选项带入，只有C符合题意。5单选题第5题答案是A.suffersB.benefitsC.developsD.differs正确答案：D参考解析：suffer 忍受 benefit 好处 develop发展 differ 有区别翻译：植物生物学是复杂而迷人的，它与动物生物学有很大_，以至于所谓的植物智力是不能让人信服的。differ. from 与.不同，固

10、定搭配，D正确。6单选题第6题答案是A.acceptanceB.evidenceC.cultivationD.creation正确答案：B参考解析：acceptance 接受 evidence 证据 cultivation 培养 creation 创造翻译：植物生物学是复杂而迷人的，但是它跟动物生物学还是有很大的区别，以至于所谓的植物智力存在的_是不让人信服的。上一段说the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that hinted at consciou

11、sness，因为对电信号有反应，所以植物有可能存在意识，本段，Plant biology is so differ form that of animal，所以应该是evident of plants animal is inconclusive植物智力存在的证据是不令人信服的。B正确。7单选题第7题答案是A.doubtedB.deniedC.arguedD.requested正确答案：C参考解析：doubt 怀疑 deny 否认 argue 主张、认为 request 要求翻译：一些科学家_植物有类似于神经元的细胞，这些细胞可以与激素和神经介质相互作用。根据后文的they claimed t

12、hat plants have brain-like command centers 所以他们一开始应该是认为植物有神经元细胞。C正确。8单选题第8题答案是A.adaptingB.formingC.repairingD.testing正确答案：B参考解析：adapt 适应、适合 form 形成、构成 repair 修理、修补 test 测试翻译：一些科学家认为植物具有类似于神经元的细胞，他们能与激素和神经介质相互作用，这些神经元细胞_一个植物神经系统，类似于动物的神经系统。这里填写一个动名词，主语是前面的neuron-like cells ，原句为neuron-like cells is _

13、a plant nervous system. 根据题意，这些类似于神经元的细胞构成了一个植物神经系统。B正确。9单选题第9题答案是A.analogousB.essentialC.suitableD.sensitive正确答案：A参考解析：analogous 类似的、相似的 essential 基本的、必不可少的 suitable 合适的、适当的 sensitive 敏感的翻译：一些科学家认为植物具有类似于神经元的细胞，他们能与激素和神经介质相互作用，这些神经元细胞构成了一个植物神经系统，_动物的神经系统。文章一直在用动物和植物做对比，带入analogous to 类似于，符合题意，A正确。1

14、0单选题第10题答案是A.justB.everC.stillD.even正确答案：D参考解析：just 仅仅 ever 曾经 still 仍然 even 甚至翻译：他们_声称植物在根尖有一个动物大脑一样的指挥中心。空格处填写一个副词，根据上下文，第一句plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters(植物拥有类似于神经元的细胞)，本段他们声称植物拥有动物大脑一样的指挥中心，两句话为递进关系，D正确。11单选题第11题答案是A.restrictionB.experimentC.pe

15、rspectiveD.demand正确答案：C参考解析：restriction 限定、限制 experiment 经验、体验 perspective 看法、景色 demand 要求、需要翻译：这个_合乎情理，如果你把复杂大脑的职能简化。空格处填写一个名词，结合题意，应该是观点合乎情理，所以C选项perspective 看法，正确。12单选题第12题答案是_.A.attachingB.reducingC.returningD.exposing正确答案：B参考解析：attach 赋予、附加 reduce 减少、缩小 return 返回、回应 expose 揭发、暴露翻译：如果你简化复杂大脑的运行机

16、制，把它_为一系列的电脉冲，那么这个观点合乎情理。跟提议，大脑的运行与 一系列电脉冲相比，一个很复杂，一个很简单，所以一个很高级，一个很低级，所以reducing it to 将其简化为. 。B符合题意。13单选题第13题答案是_.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise正确答案：A参考解析：however 然而 moreover 此外、而且 therefore 因此 otherwise 除此之外、否则翻译：植物中的细胞交流是通过电信号，_植物中的信号传递只是表面上与复杂动物大脑的信号传递相似。动物的细胞不仅仅是“大量通过电进行交流的细胞”。空格填写一

17、个连词，体现两个句子之间的关系，根据植物与动物的对比，植物细胞是通过电信号交流的，但是动物细胞更复杂，which is more than a mass of cells that communicate by electricity, 所以前后两句表转折。A正确。14单选题第14题答案是_.A.temporarilyB.literallyC.superficiallyD.imaginarily正确答案：C参考解析：temporarily 暂时地 literally 字面地、真正地 superficially 表面地、肤浅地 imaginarily 想象中地翻译：植物中的细胞交流是通过电信号，

18、然而植物中的信号传递只是_与复杂动物大脑的信号传递相似。动物的细胞不仅仅是“大量通过电进行交流的细胞”。根据前后意思，which is more than a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,说明植物细胞跟动物细胞是不同的，the signal in plant 与 the signal in animal 只是表面的相似，C正确。15单选题第15题答案是_.A.listB.levelC.labelD.local正确答案：B参考解析：list 清单 level 等级 label 标签 local 本地的翻译：为了让意识能够不断进化，大

19、脑有一个复杂_的临界值，和一定的容量。大脑需要有一定的容量，容纳新的东西，也需要有一定程度的复杂度，大脑越进化，容量会越大，复杂程度会更高，所以level等级，符合题意，B正确。16单选题第16题答案是_.A.recalledB.agreedC.questionedD.added正确答案：D参考解析：racall 回忆、使想到 agree 同意、赞同 question 质疑 add 补充、增加前一句描述了为了使意识进化，大脑要具备一些什么with a threshold level of complexity and capacity is required，后一句，因为没有神经系统，所以它有

20、意识的可能性几乎为0，后一句是对前一句的补充，D正确。17单选题第17题答案是_.A.chancesB.risksC.excusesD.assumptions正确答案：A参考解析：chance 机会 risk 风险 excuse 借口 assumption 假定翻译：因为植物没有神经系统，所以植物具有意识的_实际上为零。空格处填写一个名词，后面thatthey have consciousness 修饰这个名词，宾语为zero 动词为 are， 所以根据题意，应该是植物拥有意识的概率、机会为零。A正确。18单选题第18题答案是_.A.dangerB.failureC.warningD.cont

21、rol正确答案：A参考解析：danger 危险 failure 失败 warning 警告 control 控制翻译：据这篇文章说，植物无法逃离_.因为植物是不能移动的，所以根据四个选项cant run away from /危险/失败/警告/控制。A正确。19单选题第19题答案是_.A.representsB.includesC.revealsD.recognizes正确答案：D参考解析：represent 代表、象征 include 包括 reveal 揭示、展示 recognize 认出、识别翻译：植物不能逃离危险，所以把建立一个能_威胁和感受疼痛身体系统会是一个非常糟糕的进化策略。空格

22、处是一个定语从句，a body system 是先行词，后面连接两个两句，a body system which _ a threat ,a body system whichcan feel pain, 所以应该是识别威胁，和感受疼痛，这也是神经系统的作用。C正确。20单选题第20题答案是_.A.humbleB.poorC.practicalD.easy正确答案：B参考解析：humble 谦逊 poor低劣的 practical 可行的、有用的 easy 简单的翻译：植物不能逃离危险，所以把建立一个能感知威胁和感受疼痛身体系统会是一个非常_的进化策略。因为植物不能移动，所以进化出身体系统，然

23、后感受到疼痛，和威胁对植物来说 ，是一件吃力不讨好的事，所以这个进化策略是非常糟糕的。B正确。材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and dont break down easily. But some plasti

24、c materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They weep out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde

25、sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didnt always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked

26、 for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. Its like baking a cake: If you dont have exact amounts, it goes wrong, she says. The object you make is already a time bomb.And sometimes, its not the artists fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundre

27、ds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen nature carpets - large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets - which meant they had to be durable.Unfortu

28、nately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. Its especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardis pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark. So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve G

29、ilardis sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals sunscreens because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometim

30、es beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oostens, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common. And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Fe

31、rreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history - Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on - after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she

32、 says, and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve . will have a strong impact on how in the future well be seen.21单选题According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in_.A.maintaining their plastic itemsB.obtaining durable plastic artifactsC.handling outdated plasti

33、c exhibitsD.classifying their plastic collections正确答案：A参考解析：But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They weep out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects.但一些塑

34、料材料会随着时间的推移而发生变化。它们裂开了，变形了。他们消耗掉了添加剂。它们融化成沉淀物。所有这些都给博物馆等试图保护重要文化物品的机构带来了巨大的麻烦。所以博物馆所面临的的问题是如何，维护塑料产品。A正确。22单选题Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects areA.immune to decay.B.improperly shaped.C.inherently flawed.D.complex in structure.正确答案：B参考解析：Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable be

35、cause some pioneers in plastic art didnt always know how to mix ingredients properly.某些文物尤其脆弱，因为一些塑料艺术的先驱并不总是知道如何正确地混合材料。dont know how to mix ingredients properly 与 improperly shaped 同义。B正确。23单选题Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardis artworks to_.A.keep them from hurting visitors.B.duplicate th

36、em for future display.C.have their ingredients analyzed.D.prevent them from further damage.正确答案：D参考解析：Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. Its especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardis pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and c

37、rumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark. So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardis sculptures. 不幸的是，他使用的聚氨酯泡沫本身就不稳定。它特别容易受到光的损坏，到了20世纪90年代中期，吉拉尔迪的南瓜、玫瑰和其他雕像开始分裂和破碎。博物馆把其中一些人锁在了黑暗中。因此，范奥斯汀和她的同事们努力保护吉拉尔迪的雕塑。 所以博物馆不再展示Gilardi的艺术作品是为了保护它不再受到进一步的破坏，D正确。24单选题The author th

38、inks that preservation of plastics is_.A.costlyB.unworthyC.unpopularD.challenging正确答案：D参考解析：Despite success stories like van Oostens, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.

39、尽管有像范奥斯汀这样的成功故事，但塑料的保存可能会变得更加困难。旧的物品继续变质。更糟糕的是，可分解的生物可降解塑料越来越普遍。 由题意得，所以作者认为preservation of plastics ischallenging（有挑战的）。D正确。25单选题In Ferreiras opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts_.A.will inspire future scientific researchB.has profound historical significanceC.will help us separate the materi

40、al agesD.has an impact on todays cultural life正确答案：B参考解析：We now live in an age of plastic, she says, and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve . will have a strong impact on how in the future well be seen.她说，我们现在生活在一个充斥着塑料的时代，“我们今天决定收集什么，我们决定保存什么这将对未来产生强烈的影响。” have a strong imp

41、act on与profound historical significance 同义。B正确材料题根据以下材料，回答26-30题As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they

42、 start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mo

43、bility. Today 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall

44、is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advan

45、tages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many

46、. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 percent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their wor