2022年人教版高中化学选修3_《物质结构与性质》第二章共价键教案 .pdf

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1、第二章分子结构与性质第一节共价键第一课时教学目标：1 复习化学键的概念，能用电子式表示常见物质的离子键或共价键的形成过程。2 知道共价键的主要类型键和键。3 说出键和键的明显差别和一般规律。教学重点、难点：价层电子对互斥模型教学过程：复习引入 NaCl、HCl 的形成过程 设问 前面学习了电子云和轨道理论，对于HCl 中 H、Cl 原子形成共价键时，电子云如何重叠？例：H2的形成 讲解、小结 板书 1 键：（以“头碰头”重叠形式）a 特征：以形成化学键的两原子核的连线为轴作旋转操作，共价键的图形不变，轴对称图形。b 种类：S-S键 S-P 键 P-P 键 过渡 P电子和 P电子除能形成键外，还

2、能形成键 板书 2 键 讲解 a.特征：每个键的电子云有两块组成，分别位于有两原子核构成平面的两侧，如果以它们之间包含原子核的平面镜面，它们互为镜像，这种特征称为镜像对称。3键和键比较重叠方式键：头碰头键：肩并肩键比键的强度较大成键电子：键 S-S S-P P-P 键 P-P 键成单键键成双键、叁键共价键的特征饱和性、方向性 科学探究 讲解 小结 生归纳本节重点，老师小结 补充练习 1下列关于化学键的说法不正确的是（）A 化学键是一种作用力 B 化学键可以是原子间作用力，也可以是离子间作用力 C 化学键存在于分子内部文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T

3、5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10

4、T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I1

5、0T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I

6、10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4

7、I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W

8、4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3

9、W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10 D 化学键存在于分子之间2对键的认识不正确的是（）A 键不属于共价键，是另一种化学键 B S-S键与 S-P键的对称性相同 C 分子中含有共价键，则

10、至少含有一个键 D 含有键的化合物与只含键的化合物的化学性质不同3下列物质中，属于共价化合物的是（）A I2 B BaCl2 C H2SO4 DNaOH 4下列化合物中，属于离子化合物的是（）A KNO3 B BeCl C KO2 D H2O2 5写出下列物质的电子式。H2、N2、HCl、H2O 用电子式表示下列化合物的形成过程HCl、NaBr、MgF2、Na2S、CO2 答案 1D 2 略略第二章分子结构与性质第一节共价键第二课时教学目标：认识键能、键长、键角等键参数的概念能用键参数键能、键长、键角说明简单分子的某些性质知道等电子原理，结合实例说明“等电子原理的应用”教学难点、重点：键参数的

11、概念，等电子原理教学过程：创设问题情境与在常温下很难反应，必须在高温下才能发生反应，而与在冷暗处就能发生化学反应，为什么？学生讨论小结引入键能的定义板书二、键参数键能概念：气态基态原子形成mol 化学键所释放出的最低能量。单位：k mol 生阅读书页，表回答：键能大小与键的强度的关系？文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O1

12、0 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O

13、10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8

14、O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G

15、8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7

16、G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F

17、7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7

18、F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10（键能越大，化学键越稳定，越不易断裂）键能化学反应的能量变化的关系？（键能越大，形成化学键放出的能量越大）键能越大，形成化学键放出的能量越大，化学键越稳定。过渡键长概念：形成共价键的两原子间的核间距单位：pm（pm m）键长越短，共价键越牢固，形成的物质越稳定设问多原子分子的形状如何？就必须要了解多原子分子中两共价键之间的夹角。键角：多原子分子中的两个共价键之间的夹角。例如：结构为，

19、键角为，为直线形分子。键角形键角正四面体小结键能、键长、键角是共价键的三个参数键能、键长决定了共价键的稳定性；键长、键角决定了分子的空间构型。板书三、等电子原理等电子体：原子数相同，价电子数也相同的微粒。如：和，和等电子体性质相似阅读课本表小结师与生共同总结本节课内容。补充练习下列分子中，两核间距最大，键能最小的是（）r l 下列说法中，错误的是（）键长越长，化学键越牢固成键原子间原子轨道重叠越多，共价键越牢固对双原子分子来讲，键能越大，含有该键的分子越稳定原子间通过共用电子对所形成的化学键叫共价键能够用键能解释的是（）氮气的化学性质比氧气稳定常温常压下，溴呈液体，碘为固体稀有气体一般很难发生

20、化学反应文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10

21、T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I1

22、0T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I

23、10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4

24、I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W

25、4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3

26、W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10硝酸易挥发，硫酸难挥发与互为等电子体的是（）根据等电子原理，下列

27、分子或离子与有相似结构的是（）l l由表可知的键能为k mol它所表示的意义是 如果要使 mol分解为mol原子，你认为是吸收能量还是放出能量？能量数值当两个原子形成共价键时，原子轨道重叠的程度越大，共价键的键能，两原子核间的平均距离键长7根据课本中有关键能的数据，计算下列反应中的能量变化：（1）N2（g）+3H2（g）=2NH3（g）；H=（2）2H2（g）+O2（g）=2H2O（g）；H=答案每 mol 气态原子形成mol释放出k能量吸收能量 k越大越短7-90.8KJ/mol -481.9 KJ/mol 文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U1

28、0文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U

29、10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5

30、U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T

31、5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10

32、T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I1

33、0T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10文档编码:CM6F1J8V8P5 HL9J7F7G8O10 ZZ3W4I10T5U10