大学计算机基础大学计算机基础 (3).pdf
《大学计算机基础大学计算机基础 (3).pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《大学计算机基础大学计算机基础 (3).pdf(59页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、0Computational Thinking2Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingMy Grand Vision Computational thinking will be a fundamental skill used by everyone in the world by the middle of the 21stCentury.Just like reading,writing,and arithmetic.Incestuous:Computing and computers will enable the spread of comput
2、ational thinking.In research:scientists,engineers,historians,artists In education:K-12 students and teachers,undergrads,J.M.Wing,“Computational Thinking,”CACM Viewpoint,March 2006,pp.33-35.Paper off http:/www.cs.cmu.edu/wing/3Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingAutomationAbstractionsComputing is t
3、he Automation of AbstractionsComputational Thinking focuses on the process of abstraction-choosing the right abstractions-operating in terms of multiple layers of abstraction simultaneously-defining the relationships the between layersas in Mathematicsguided by the following concerns1.Machine2.Human
4、3.Network Machine+Human4Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingMeasures of a“Good”Abstraction in C.T.Efficiency How fast?How much space?How much power?Correctness Does it do the right thing?Does the program compute the right answer?Does it do anything?Does the program eventually produce an answer?Hal
5、ting Problem-ilities Simplicity and elegance Scalability Usability Modifiability Maintainability Cost as in EngineeringNEW5Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingComputational Thinking,PhilosophicallyComplements and combines mathematical and engineering thinking C.T.draws on math as its foundations B
6、ut we are constrained by the physics of the underlying machine C.T.draws on engineering since our systems interact with the real world But we can build virtual worlds unconstrained by physical realityIdeas,not artifacts Its not just the software and hardware that touch our daily lives,it will be the
7、 computational concepts we use to approach living.Its for everyone,everywhere6Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingSample Classes of Computational AbstractionsAlgorithmsE.g.,mergesort,binary search,string matching,clusteringData StructuresE.g.,sequences,tables,trees,graphs,networksState MachinesE.g
8、.,finite automata,Turing machinesLanguagesE.g.,regular expressions,VDM,Z,ML,Haskell,Java,PythonLogics and semanticsE.g.,Hoare triples,temporal logic,modal logics,lambda calculusHeuristicsE.g.,A*(best-first graph search),cachingControl StructuresParallel/sequential composition,iteration,recursionComm
9、unicationE.g.,synchronous/asynchronous,broadcast/P2P,RPC,shared memory/message-passingArchitecturesE.g.,layered,hierarchical,pipeline,blackboard,feedback loop,client-server,parallel,distributed,fault-tolerantNOT Computer literacy,i.e.,how to use Word and Excel or even Google or Bing Computer program
10、ming,i.e.,beyond Java Programming 101In Summary Computational Thinking is the thought processes involved in formulating a problem and expressing its solution in a way that a computerhuman or machinecan effectively carry out.Computational Thinking is what comes before any computing technologythought
11、of by a human,knowing full well the power of automation.7Computational ThinkingJeannette M.Wing8Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingExamples of Computational Thinking in Other Disciplines9Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingOne Discipline,Many Computational Methods10Computational ThinkingJeannet
12、te M.WingComputational Thinking in Biology Shotgun algorithm expedites sequencingof human genome Abstract interpretation in systems biology Model checking applied to arrhythmia,diabetes,pancreatic cancer DNA sequences are strings in a language Boolean networks approximate dynamicsof biological netwo
13、rks Cells as a self-regulatory system are like electronic circuits Process calculi model interactions among molecules Statecharts used in developmental genetics Protein kinetics can be modeled as computational processes Robot Adam discovers role of 12 genes in yeast PageRank algorithm inspires ecolo
14、gical food webInsight:Models and languages for expressing computational processes are good for expressing the dynamics of biological processes.11Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingModel Checking PrimerModel CheckerFinite State Machine model MTemporal LogicpropertyFF Fis falsified here.counterexam
15、pleyesF=F=AG pAF p,EG p,EF p12Model Checking in Biology2.Temporal Logic Formula F Fa.Do diabetes risk factors influencethe risk of cancer or cancer prognosis?“Diabetic risk factors might not increase cancer risk in normal cells,but they will promote cell proliferation if the cell is in a precancerou
16、s or cancerous stage characterized by losses of the tumor-suppressor proteins ARF and INK4a.”b.What signaling components arecommon to both diabetes and cancer?c.The oscillations of NFB and thenegative feedback of P53-MDM have measured in many in vitro experiments,after the cells were stimulated by e
17、xternalsignals.Do these phenomena exist incells subjected to diabetic risk factors?Gong,Zuliani,Clarke 2011Single-Cell Diabetes-Cancer Model1.State Machine Model 249states13Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingOne Computational Method,Many DisciplinesMachine Learning has transformed the field of St
18、atistics.14Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingMachine Learning in the SciencesCredit:LiveScience-fMRI data analysis to understand languagevia machine learningNeurosciencesCredit:SDSS-Brown dwarfs and fossil galaxies discoveryvia machine learning,data mining,data federation-Very large multi-dimens
19、ional datasets analysisusing KD-treesAstronomy-Anti-inflammatory drugs-Chronic hepatitis-Mammograms-Renal and respiratory failureMedicine-Tornado formationMeteorology15Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingMachine Learning EverywhereSportsCredit CardsWall StreetSupermarketsEntertainment:Shopping,Mus
20、ic,Travel16Computational ThinkingJeannette M.Wing17Computational ThinkingJeannette M.Wing?18Computational ThinkingJeannette M.Wing19Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingAnswer:Yes,by Boosting Algorithms(e.g.,FS99)Question(Kearns):Can a Set of Weak Learners Create a Single Strong One?20Computational
21、 ThinkingJeannette M.Wing21Computational ThinkingJeannette M.Wing22Computational ThinkingJeannette M.Wing23Computational ThinkingJeannette M.Wing24Computational ThinkingJeannette M.Wing25Computational ThinkingJeannette M.Wing26Computational ThinkingJeannette M.Wing27Computational ThinkingJeannette M
22、.WingComputational Thinking in the Sciences and Beyond28Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingCT in Other Sciences-Atomistic calculations are used to explorechemical phenomena-Optimization and searching algorithmsidentify best chemicals for improvingreaction conditions to improve yieldsChemistryYork
23、,Minnesota-Adiabatic quantum computing:How quickly is convergence?-Genetic algorithms discover laws of physics.Physics-Abstractions for Sky,Sea,Ice,Land,Life,People,etc.-Hierarchical,composable,modular,traceability,allowing multiple projectionsalong any dimension,data element,or query-Cornells NSF E
24、xpedition on Computational SustainabilityGeosciences29Computational ThinkingJeannette M.WingCT in Math and Engineering-Discovering E8 Lie Group:18 mathematicians,4 years and 77 hours ofsupercomputer time(200 billion numbers).Profound implications for physics(string theory)-Four-color theorem proofCr
25、edit:WikipediaCredit:WikipediaMathematics-Calculating higher order terms implies more precision,which implies reducing weight,waste,costs in fabricatio-Boeing 777 tested via computer simulation alone,not in a wind tunnel-Hybrid automata for modeling and analyzing cyber-physical systemsCredit:BoeingE
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 大学计算机基础大学计算机基础 3 大学计算机 基础
限制150内