学术英语写作基础完整版 (1).pdf

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1、Article with Chinese Guide and Exercises for Lecture One(完整版完整版)Whats the Purpose of College:A Job or an Education?By Jeffrey J.Selingo February 2,2015 The Washington Post 1 As the price of college has skyrocketed and tens of thousands of recent graduates have found themselves on the unemployment li

2、ne or stuck in jobs that dont require a bachelors degree,higher education has come under attack for its failure to make students job-ready.Adding fuel to the debate is a series of what seem to be monthly surveys showing a wide gap between what employers want out of todays college graduates and what

3、schools are producing.2 It all begs the question:Is it solely a colleges responsibility to make students job-ready?3 College was once seen as a place where adolescents went to explore courses and majors before settling on a job and career,often well after graduating.In a recent piece in the Chronicl

4、e of Higher Education,Dan Berrett traced the history of when the purpose of college shifted from that idyllic1 vision to todays view that its all about getting a job.He pegged2 the origins to Feb.28,1967.Thats when Ronald Reagan,then the new Republican governor of California(which boasted the best s

5、ystem of public universities in the country),told reporters that taxpayers shouldnt be“subsidizing intellectual curiosity.”4 Since then,in both their attitudes and in their choice of majors,college students have increasingly seen a bachelors degree as a means to an end:a job.Freshmen now list gettin

6、g a better job as the most important reason to go to college in an annual UCLA survey of first-year students.Previously,the top reason was learning about things that interest them.5 The number of bachelors degrees awarded in traditional arts and sciences fields(English,math,and biology,for example)h

7、as tumbled from almost half of the undergraduate credentials awarded in 1968 to about a quarter now.The majority of credentials today are awarded in occupational or vocational areas such as education and communications or,more recently,sports management and computer-game design.The most popular unde

8、rgraduate major is business.6 Students and their families,faced with big tuition bills,want to be sure to pick a major that leads to a job after graduation.Colleges worried about filling seats have accommodated them by rolling out3 a bevy4 of practical majors,some in fields that didnt even exist fiv

9、e years ago(think of a bachelors degree in Social Media,or perhaps even a masters).1 idyllic dlk adj.牧歌的;田园诗的;悠闲的 2peg peg vt.钉住 3rolling out 延伸；涨开 4 bevy bev n.一群 7Such trends worry those who advocate liberal arts studies and the idea that college should be a place to develop a foundational knowled

10、ge that provides lifetime benefits.8 Michael Roth president of Wesleyan University,a prominent liberal-arts college in Connecticut keeps a close eye on public opinion about this subject.He told me last week that he sometimes wonders how much of this disconnect between employers and higher education

11、is a“manufactured moment.”In his view,employers always have been unhappy with newly minted5 college graduates.The difference now is that we just survey them more frequently.9 The erosion of the middle class,”he said,“has put a lot more pressure on parents and students to make it big6 in the world or

12、 the consequences are dire7.”When Roth graduated from college,his father,who didnt go to college,wasnt concerned if his son ended up driving a cab for a while to figure things out.Now coffee shop baristas8 with a philosophy degree are subjects of mockery9.10 The confidence that the economy offers en

13、ough opportunities has eroded,”Roth said.11 Even so,Roth believes universities like his,and higher education in general,can do better at preparing students for the job market without abandoning their traditional role to provide a broad education.Like other liberal arts colleges,Wesleyan is investing

14、 more in its career services.12 But Roth is interested in making more fundamental changes to what happens in the classroom so that students better retain10 what they learn on the spot,and most important,are able to translate that learning for potential employers.He wants more courses to be project-b

15、ased,for example,so that students better learn to work in teams and apply their knowledge to real-world problems as theyre learning.13 It doesnt matter what you take in college,it matters what you do,”Roth said.“You should be able to show your teachers,and then anyone else,how what youve made in a c

16、lass,what you created,demonstrates your capacity to do other things and what youre going to do next.”14 While hes rethinking his own university,Roth said others are not without blame for the perceived disconnect between college and the workforce.Employers are less willing to take chances on graduate

17、s without narrowly tailored majors.And while Roths father thought it was fine to drive a cab after college,parents these days especially from more affluent families have sometimes unreasonable expectations for what their children can do directly out of school.15 Roth told me the story of a Wesleyan

18、graduate who recently landed a sales position and had the chance to offer jobs to his classmates.“They didnt want a job like that,a sales job,”Roth said.5mint mnt vt.铸造，铸币 6make it big 成功 7 dire da adj.可怕的；悲惨的 8 barista brst n.咖啡师；咖啡吧员 9 mockery mk()r n.嘲弄；笑柄 10retain rten vt.保持；雇；记住“That comes from

19、 a culture of entitlement11.They dont believe they should work in the same way that students worked 30 years ago.”16 It seems everyone is nostalgic for an earlier era of higher education.But those were also the days when an entire tuition bill could be paid by working odd jobs during the summer.That

20、s no longer the case.Those tuition bills have gone way up,and so too have our expectations for how much we think colleges should do to prepare students for the job market.第一单元第一单元 What is the Purpose of College?A Job or an Education?导读导读 各位同学，大家好。这是本学期的第一篇阅读课文，题目是 What is the Purpose of College?A Jo

21、b or an Education?想必大家也一直在思考这个问题吧？读大学是为了什么？大学到底是干什么的？Okay,那我们就以这篇文章开始本单元的讨论，来梳理一下这些问题吧。文章的表达和逻辑都不难，基本遵循提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的思路。不过，文章叙述呈非线型，很多细节需按此思路厘清。一、提出问题 学生毕业找不到工作，用人单位找不到可以胜任的毕业生。学生、家长、用人单位都认为学校没有培养好学生的工作技能。本文认为目前出现了两个 wide gaps，一个是 a wide gap between students expectation of their college education a

22、nd the reality of the job market；另一个是 a wide gap between what employers want out of todays college graduates and what schools are producing（第 1 段）。其实这些问题并非只出现在美国，中国也有，对吧？那我们来看下作者是如何分析此问题并提出相应的解决方案，也看看我们能否从中获得启发。二、分析问题：大家都不满意的原因 1.学生现在上大学最主要的目的是找到好工作，而不是追求个人兴趣。College students have increasingly seen

23、a bachelors degree as a means to an end:a job（第 4段）.文章的第 3、4、5 段都在讨论这个问题。其中，作者用了三个 supporting details 来阐述这个论断。Supporting details 就是论据，我们将在之后的写作技巧讲解中详细讨论它。那文章涉及哪三个 supporting details 呢？1.1 里根以来的实用主义教育导向。作者认为本来美国的大学是个学生自由探索兴趣，然后再确定自己职业走向的地方。College was once seen as a place where adolescents went to ex

24、plore courses and majors before settling on a job and career.11If someone has a sense of entitlement,that means the person believes he deserves certain privileges and hes arrogant about it.The term culture of entitlement suggests that many people now have highly unreasonable expectations about what

25、they are entitled to.但从 1967 年 2 月 28 开始，大学转而以实用为导向。那一天，作为加州州长的里根在采访时提到纳税人的钱不该被拿来支持一小部分学者出于好奇钻研没有用的东西。Taxpayers shouldnt be“subsidizing intellectual curiosities”.我们都知道，里根在 80 年代当上了美国总统，他自然会推行自己的想法，所以美国大学的全面转向也是情理之中。在此，我想提个问题。任何思想的产生都离不开当时的时代环境，那么美国在60 年代发生了什么事情，让大学不再是象牙塔，而更像是职业培训所了呢？感兴趣的同学可以去找点资料，把这

26、个问题搞搞清楚。1.2 对 UCLA 新生的年度问卷调查表明，UCLA 的学生把找个好工作作为上大学的第一目的。Freshmen now list getting a better job as the most important reason to go to college。而之前他们的第一目的是学习自己感兴趣的东西。Previously,the top reason was learning about things that interest them.这边我还想提醒大家一句，即新闻写作和学术写作的一处区别。这里作者提到的调查没有写明数据的年限；而且 previously 这个表达也

27、很模糊，较不严谨。不过，这就是报刊的东西，大家就是参考。如果想真正搞清楚问题还是需要查阅学术期刊。（第 4 段）1.3 大学里面纯文纯理学位毕业生锐减，就业为导向的学科增加。纯文纯理专业包括文学、历史、生物等学科。（第 5 段）The number of bachelors degrees awarded in traditional arts and sciences fields(English,math,and biology,for example)has tumbled from almost half of the undergraduate credentials awarded

28、 in 1968 to about a quarter now.2.学费上涨，对大学教育的期望值随之高涨。Students and their families,faced with big tuition bills,want to be sure to pick a major that leads to a job after graduation.（第 6、16 段）3.但是美国经济状况不好，市场很难充分就业。The confidence that the economy offers enough opportunities has eroded.”（第 9 段）4.对用人单位过于频

29、繁的调查，使问题看起来更夸张。Wesleyan University 校长Michael Roth 在接受采访时认为，用人单位向来对应届毕业的大学生不满意，而当前这个问题显得很严峻是因为媒体对用人单位的调查过于频繁。In his view,employers always have been unhappy with newly minted college graduates.The difference now is that we just survey them more frequently.他认为这个问题是“manufactured moment”，也就是说是媒体制造出来的问题。（

30、第 8 段）你同意这位校长的看法吗？当然，就这个问题，你也可以保留你自己的意见，你不同意的话，提出你的看法，但最重要的是要论证你的看法。5.用人单位过于追求毕业生专业对口。Employers are less willing to take chances on graduates without narrowly tailored majors.（第 13 段）narrowly tailored 指严格裁剪的，这里指专业严格对口的。三、解决问题 1.大学完全可以既注重培养学生的就业技能，也进行通识教育。Wesleyan 大学校长 Roth 认为：Roth believes universit

31、ies like his,and higher education in general,can do better at preparing students for the job market without abandoning their traditional role to provide a broad education.这里面 Roth 特意提到了 project-based teaching and learning。这也是我们这门课需要做的，大家重视起来哦！He wants more courses to be project-based,for example,so

32、that students better learn to work in teams and apply their knowledge to real-world problems as theyre learning.（第 11、12、13 段）2.家长降低预期，要能接受诸如哲学系毕业去酒吧做服务员此类的事件。Parents these days especially from more affluent families have some times unreasonable expectations for what their children can do directly o

33、ut of school.（第 14段）3.学生降低预期，不要有特权意识。“That comes from a culture of entitlement.They dont believe they should work in the same way that students worked 30 years ago.”这句里面 culture of entitlement 就是特权意识，比如觉得自己大学毕业就怎样，名校毕业就怎样这样的想法。Roth 认为，不管怎样，人们还是要和 30 年前一样工作。（第 15 段）四、摘要写作 这学期一个非常重要的写作练习就是为阅读文章写摘要。这是学

34、习英语写作最快捷有效的途径。摘要写作要求用自己的话，借鉴作者的一些词汇，概括作者的观点。摘要写作比我们完全用自己的话独立写作一篇文章学到的东西要多，尤其是初学阶段。这是我一个过来人的推荐。但写摘要不简单，尤其是为这种不怎么讲究结构的报刊文章写摘要。针对此类文章，我们要有一定的套路，即找出主要观点和论据，然后合并同类项，按照你的逻辑线条组织成文。比如这篇文章，大家回过头去看，会发现我的总结并非按文章段落顺序，而是按照提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的线条重新整合了文章内容。这里列出了写摘要的第一步，就是总结主要观点和例证，以下供大家参考：1.There is a disconnect/gap bet

35、ween what the society expects of a higher education and what the universities are really able to do.2.Though universities are struggling to introduce more practical majors to meet the needs of the job market,parents,students and employers are still dissatisfied.3.Sluggish economy makes middle class

36、increasingly feel uncertain about their children s future,so they expect too much of a college education.4.Soaring tuition fees raise both parents and students expectations of higher education.5.Intensive media coverage has made the problem look bigger than it really is.For example,employers are sur

37、veyed monthly on their satisfaction with newly graduated employees.6.Roth urges universities to do better to make students more job-ready.7.Instead of teaching knowledge for knowledges sake,Roth insists that universities should find ways to teach students transferrable skills which they may rely on

38、later at workplace.For example,introducing more project-based courses to enhance students skills to solve real world problems.把上面的这些总结，按照 Problem(1/2)-Reasons(3/4/5)-Solutions(6/7)的思路进行总结，加上开头和结尾就是我要大家的写的摘要了。最后，summary 成稿。大家可以参考写作技巧讲解 1，里面有摘要范例。五、小结 1.问题：学生、家长和用人单位都认为大学生在大学没有学到足够的就业技能。2.原因：学费太高，期望太高

39、，经济不好，再加上学生和家长对就业的挑剔。3.解决办法：降低期望，学校通识教育和实用教育一起抓。4.写摘要：这篇文章的结构非线性，我们在写摘要的时候要按照我们自己的逻辑，在这里就是提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的思路把课文的要点进行总结然后合并同类项，形成一个摘要。5.写摘要不能直接抄写原文的句子，要用自己的话概括作者的观点和案例。Task 1 Useful Expressions First,while reading the passage,try to find out the useful expressions that are equivalent to the Chinese ex

40、pressions given in the exercises.1.在和之间存在巨大的落差 _ 2.培养学生的就业能力 _ 3.观点从 A 变化到 B _ 4.把 A 看作是实现 B 的一种手段 _ 5.把找工作列为上大学的首要目的 _ 6.他们感兴趣的事情 _ 7.和就业密切相关的领域 _ 8.最受欢迎的大学本科专业 _ 9.一所著名的文理学院 _ 10.新出炉的大学毕业生 _ 11.后果很严重_ 12.被嘲笑的对象 _ 13.失去了对.的信心 _ 14.在不放弃它们传统角色的前提下，更好地 _ 15.更好地为就业服务 _ 16.把学到的知识转化为就业能力 _ 17.专案类的课程 _ 18

41、.大学和就业的明显脱节 _ 19.量身定制的专业 _ 20.对怀有不切实际的期待 _ 21.找到一个推销员的职位 _ 22.怀念昔日的大学教育 _ 23.学费高企，人们的期望也随之高涨 _ Task 2 Comprehension Questions In this exercise,you are to ask five questions and then answer them in your own words(i.e.,paraphrase)based on the original ideas from the text.Try to ask more questions of w

42、hat,why,and how,which may help cultivate your critical thinking skills.Here are our sample questions.1.Why are people today dissatisfied with higher education?_ 2.What did Ronald Reagan think of the purpose of higher education?_ 3.What do colleges do to boost enrollment?_ 4.What does Michael Roth me

43、an by saying that the current complaints of the employers about new grads is a manufactured moment?_ 5.Who is to blame for the disconnect between college and the workplace according to Roth?_ Task 3 Writing Write a summary for this passage _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _(Sample answers to the three tasks have been provided for you in the Video of Article Analysis.)