英美文学重点知识归纳.doc

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1、英美文学重点知识归纳OldEnglish: 450-1066thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaonsMedievalEnglish：1066 -middle14thcenturyGeoffreyChaucer-thefatherofEnglishpoetry (wisdom,humor,humanity)firsttimetouseheroiccoupletTheRenaissancePeriod: 14th mid17thstartedinItalyAseriesofhistoricalevents:1.rediscoveryofancientRoman&Greekcu

2、lture2.newdiscoveriesingeography&astrology(占星学)3.thereligiousreformation&economicexpansionTheRenaissance-rebirthorrevivalHumanism-theessenceoftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing&theimportanceofthepresentlifeBestrepresentatives:ThomasMore,ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeareTheElizabethandrama:the

3、realmainstreamofEnglishRenaissanceMostfamousdramatists:ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,BenJonsonEdmundSpenser-thepoetspoet5quality: 1)aperfectmelody 2)araresenseofbeauty 3)asplendidimagination4)alofty(高尚的)moralpurityandseriousness 5)adedicatedidealismlament(哀悼)overthelossofRosalind主角：Arthur-wh

4、opossess12virtuesGlorianatheFairyQueenThethemeisnot“Armsandtheman,butsomethingmoreromantic “FiercewarresandfaithfulllovesREADING:excerptfromTheFaerieQueene仙后Content:RedcrosseKnightsetoutonhisadventures.ChristopherMarlowe“UniversityWits,thepioneerofEnglishdramaHyperbole(夸大)Marlowesachievement: 1)blan

5、kverse无韵诗歌ItisMarlowewhobroughtvitality(活力)andgrandeur(伟大)intotheblankversewithhis“mightylines,whichcarrystrongemotions.2)hiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.(notstrongindramaticconstruction.)thepioneerofEnglishdrama3tragedies: thehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness帖木耳大帝aplayabouta

6、nambitiousandpitilessoverpoweringking.马尔他的犹太人non-dramapastoral(田园的)life，themostbeautifullyrics(抒情诗)READING: 1.excerptfromDr.Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧AplaybasedontheGermanlegendContent:Faustusisascholarwhohasastrongdesiretoacquireknowledge.Byconjuration(念咒文召唤)hecallupMephistophilis,theDevilsservant.Hemakeabond

7、(契约)tosellhissoultotheDevilinreturnfor24yearsoflifeinwhichMephistophilistogivehimeverythinghedesires.DevilsnameisLucifer.Dominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious2.ThePassionate(热情的)ShepherdtoHisLovethisshortpoemisconsideredtobeoneofthemostbeautifullyrics(抒情诗)inEnglishliterature.Theshepherd(牧羊人)enjoya

8、nidealcountrylife,cherishing(珍爱)apastoral(田园的)andpureaffectionforhislove.Strongemotionisconveyedthroughthebeautyofnature.WilliamShakespeareplaywright&poet(aboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime)1., 2., , , Comedies:, , Tragedy:romantictragedy.Topraisethefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuingh

9、appiness.3.Fourtragedies-, , & 4.tragicomedies：Achievement:A.exploringthecharacterssinnermind.soliloquy(独白)ormonologue-fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacterscontrastsbringvividnesstothecharactersB.adroit精巧的plotconstructionC.Ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation.Disguiseisanimportantdevicetocre

10、atedramaticirony.D.thelanguage.READING：1.Sonnet18(14line)eternalorimmortal不朽的beauty,haveafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.Anicesummersdayisusuallytransient(短暂的),butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.fromTheMerchantofVenicetopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,

11、witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiable不知足的greedandbrutalityoftheJew.Doubleplot:(1)BassanioaskAntonioforaloansothathemightmarriagewithPortia(2)AntonioborrowmoneyfromShylock,theJewishusurer.ShylockmakeastrangebondthatrequiresAntoniotosurrenderapoundofhisfleshifhefailtorepayhimwithinacertainperiodoftime.P

12、ortiadisguisedasayounglawyerinstructedtojudgethecase:Shylockcantakehispoundofflesh,butthereisnomentionofbloodinthebond.Otherwise,hislandsandgoodswillbeconfiscated(充公)accordingtohelawofVenice.3ExcerptfromHamlethesitatebetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction,toosophisticated复杂的todegradehisnaturetothec

13、onventionalroleofastagerevengercontent:Hamlet,theprince,appearinginamoodofworld-weariness厌世occasionedbyhisfathersdeathandhismothershastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfathersbrother.HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfatherandthentakenoverbothhisfathersthroneandwidow.ThusHamletisurgedtoseekrevenge

14、.Note:Tobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeactionFrancisBaconphilosopher,scientist,essayist,laythefoundationformodernscienceHisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.Baconsessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblical

15、allusions典故,metaphors隐喻andcadence韵律.mansunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts:historytomansmemory,poetrytomansimaginationandcreation,andphilosophytomansreason.writteninLatinonmethodology方法论Baconsuggeststheinductivereasoning归纳法(i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral)inplaceofAristotelianmethod,thede

16、ductivereasoning演绎法(i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular)READING:OfStudiesusesandbenefitsofstudystudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Studiesperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience.Differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies-studiesandexperiencearecomplementary(互补)toeach

17、other.Thecorrectattitudetoreadingbooks-toweighandconsider.Howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter-readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.JohnDonneMetaphysicalpoetry玄学诗-breakawayfromlovepoetry,thediction(用语)issimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,theformisfrequentlyanargumentwit

18、hthepoetsbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.A)conceitsB)syllogism(三段论)Poetry早期:holdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoulandbody.晚期: religiouspoemProse:hissermons,whicharebothrichandimaginativeREADING: 1.TheSunRising 2.Death,BeNotProud(asonnet,14lines)thebusysunisalwaysreadytointerferewithotherthingsandeve

19、rywherewhateveryouare,youcannotescapefromdeath.Whenyouareliving,youarealwaysintheshadowofdeath.Deathonlylastsamoment,ourlifeafterdeathiseternal.Themorepleasurethedeathgivespeople,notonlythepleasureoftherest&thesleep,becausewhomthegodslovedieyoung.Thoughdeathisusuallyconsideredpowerful,itactuallyprov

20、idesarestforamansbodyandabirthforhissoul.JohnMiltonAchievement: 1)theearlypoeticworks 2)themiddleprose(散文) 3)thelastgreatpoemsElegy(挽歌)-利西达斯 (hisearlywork)Epic(史诗) - Dramaticpoem(诗剧) -力士参孙themostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.READING:excerptfromParadiseLosttheonlygenerallya

21、cknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.Theconflictisbetweenhumanloveandspiritualduty.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMiltonscreed(纲领).TakefromtheOldTestament,thethemeisthe“FallofMan:SatanrebelagainstGodandaredrivenfromHeaven.Hedeterminedtorevengebyseduce(引诱)AdamandEvetoeatthefruitfromtheTr

22、eeofKnowledgeagainstGodsinstructions.So,AdamandEveareexiledbyGodfromtheparadise.TheNeoclassicalPeriod:1660-1798withthepublicationofLyricalballadsbyWordsworthandColeridge-arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion(抑制情感) &accuracytheAgeofEnlightenment/Reasonthemovementwasaf

23、urtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)modernEnglishnovelnewlyrisingliteraryform现实主义小说诞生themid-centuryGothicnovel(哥特式小说) -mystery,horror&castles(frommiddleparttotheendofcentury)JohnBunyanREAING:TheVanity

24、Fair名利场anexcerptformThePilgrimsProgress(天路历程),areligiousallegory(寓言),itspurposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvation(拯救)throughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessesandallkindsofsocialevils.ItspredominantmetaphorlifeasajourneyAlexanderPopeoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEng

25、land,forhimthesupremevaluewasorder.READING:excerptfromAnEssayonCriticism(论批评)apoemwritteninheroiccouplets(对句),criticizethepresentpoemlackoftruetaste&callonpeopletoturntotheoldGreekandRomanwritersforguidance,truewitwhichisbestsetinaplain(simple&clear)style.DanielDefoe-thefirstwriterstudyofthelower-cl

26、asspeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular(方言).READING:excerptfromRobinsoncrusoepraisethehumanlaborandthePuritanfortitude(清教徒坚韧).anadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmarooned(放逐)onalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelieveda

27、ndreturnstoEngland.Robinsongrewfromanaveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.JonathanSwiftInhisopinion,humannatureisseriouslyandpermanentlyflawed(缺点)Achievement: 1)amastersatirist. 2)oneofthegreatestofEnglishprose,hedefinedagoodstyleas“Properwordsinprope

28、rplacesREADING:excerptfromGulliversTravels(格列佛游记)fictionalwork,fourpartsLilliput,Brobdingnag,FlyingIsland&Houyhnhnm(小人国) (大人国) (飞岛) (有人类理性的马)thebookisoneofthemosteffectiveanddevastatingcriticismsandsatiresofallaspectsinthethenEnglishandEuropeanlife.HenryFielding-FatherofEnglishnovel,hewasthefirsttow

29、ritea“Comicepicinprose (散文体史诗),thefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.Headopted“thethird-personnarration. (约瑟夫安德鲁) (伟大的乔纳森怀尔德)amasterpieceonthesubjectofhumannaturetheunfortunatelifeofanidealizedwoman,amaudlin(伤感的)pictureofthesociallifeatthetime.READING:excerptfromTomJonesBringstheauthorthe

30、nameofthe“ProseHomerInaway,TomandSophia,standsforawayfaring(旅行的)Everyman,whoisexpelledfromtheparadiseandhastogothroughhardexperiencetogainaknowledgeofhimselfandfinallytoapproachperfectness.SamuelJohnsontheauthorofthefirstEnglishdictionarybyanEnglishman,thelastneoclassicistenlightener.英语大词典READING:To

31、theRightHonorabletheEarlofChesterfieldtheletteriswritteninarefinedandverypolitelanguage,withabitterundertoneofdefianceandanger.Theseeminglypeacefulretrospection,reasoningandquestioningexpress,tothebestsatiriceffect,theauthorsstrongindignationatthelordsfame-fishing.RichardBrinsleySheridan-theonlyimpo

32、rtantEnglishdramatistofthe18thcenturyandareregardedasimportantlinksbetweenthemasterpiecesofShakespeareandthoseofBernardShaw.READING:excerptfromTheSchoolforScandalAstoryabouttwobrothers:JosephSurfaceandCharlesSurface.CharlesinlovewithMaria,SirPeterTeazleislovedbyLadySneerwell.Theladyinstigates(教唆)Jos

33、ephtopursueMariaForherMoney.Josephsecretlyseduce(引诱)LadyTeazle,SirPetersyoungwife.TheplayendswithgreatdisgraceforJosephandCharleswinshislovesandtheinheritanceofhisrichuncle.Itisasharpsatireonthemoraldegeneracy(堕落)ofthearistocratic-bourgeoissocietyinthe18thEngland.ThomasGraytheleaderofthesentimental(

34、悲情的)poetryoftheday,especially“TheGraveyardSchoolREADING:ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardreflectsondeath,thesorrowsoflife,andthemysteriesofhumanlifewithatouchofhispersonalmelancholy.Hesympathizedforthepoorandtheunknown,butmocksthegreatoneswhodespisethepoorandbringhavoc(破坏)onthem.TheRomanticPeriodRoma

35、ntic-emotionoverreason,spontaneous(自发)emotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplaceTheromanticemphasizedthespecialqualitiesofeachindividualsmind.Theromanticperiodbeganwith：in1798thepublicationofWordsw

36、orthandColeridgesendin1832withSirWalterScottsdeathtwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).WilliamBlake -poet&engraver(雕刻家):ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildrenseye :aworldofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholy(忧郁的)tonefrommeneyes.Childhood

37、,paradoxes,apairingofoppositesmarkshisentryintomaturity.(先知书)prophetic(预言的)bookinhislaterperiodHepresentshisviewinvisualimages.Symbolismisalsoadistinctivefeatureofhispoetry.READING:1.TheChimneySweeper(fromSongsofInnocence)2.TheChimneySweeper(fromSongsofExperience)3.TheTyger(fromSongsofExperience)WilliamWordsworth-theleadingfigureoftheEnglishromanticpoetry,simple,spontaneous(自发的), “worshipperofnature-Hedefinesthepoetasamanspeakingtomen,andpoetryasthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings,whichoriginatesinemotionrecollect