外教英语PPT启蒙运动the enlightenment教学文案.ppt

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1、外教英语PPT启蒙运动the enlightenmentAccording to the 18th-century philosopher Immanuel Kant,the“motto”of the Enlightenment was“Sapere aude!Have courage to use your own intelligence!”(Kant,“What Is Enlightenment?”1784)Immanuel KantKey VocabularyEnlightenmentEnlightenment:a period during the 1600s and 1700s:a

2、 period during the 1600s and 1700s in which educated Europeans changed their in which educated Europeans changed their outlook on life by seeing reason as the key to outlook on life by seeing reason as the key to human progress.human progress.Age of ReasonAge of Reason:another name for the Enlighten

3、ment:another name for the EnlightenmentSalonsSalons:in France,a simple meeting of philosophers:in France,a simple meeting of philosophers to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment PhilosopherPhilosopher:a scholar or thinker:a scholar or thinkerReasonReason:U

4、sing logical thinking,not superstition:Using logical thinking,not superstitionRoots of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment grew out of the Renaissance,The Enlightenment grew out of the Renaissance,Reformation,and the Reformation,and the Scientific Revolution.Scientific Revolution.Whats the sameWhats

5、 the same?:Like all of these other?:Like all of these other movements,much Enlightenment thinking movements,much Enlightenment thinking challenged accepted beliefschallenged accepted beliefs.Whats newWhats new?:Enlightenment philosophers wanted?:Enlightenment philosophers wanted to use the ideas and

6、 to use the ideas and reasonreason of the Scientific of the Scientific Revolution for problems in Revolution for problems in government and societygovernment and society.The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolut

7、ionThe equatorial armillary,used for navigation on ships Light out of the DarknessA Frenchman,Bernard de Fontenelle,expressed this optimistic faith in reason and progress.In 1702,he wrote that the new century“will become more enlightened day by day,so that all previous centuries will be lost in dark

8、ness by comparison.”Enlightenment PrinciplesReligion,tradition,and superstition limited independent thoughtAccept knowledge based on observation,logic,and reason,not on faithScientific and academic thought should be secular A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkersThe SalonsIn France,thinkers calle

9、d In France,thinkers called philosophesphilosophes(French for (French for“philosophers”)championed the idea of reason in“philosophers”)championed the idea of reason in government.government.Philosophers often gathered in informal meetings,Philosophers often gathered in informal meetings,called calle

10、d salonssalons.There they exchanged and debated.There they exchanged and debated ideas for hours.ideas for hours.Many salons were organized by women.Many salons were organized by women.Gatherings like these helped to shape and spread the Gatherings like these helped to shape and spread the ideas of

11、the Enlightenment.ideas of the Enlightenment.Enlightenment and GovernmentEnlightenment thinkers criticized accepted ideas Enlightenment thinkers criticized accepted ideas about government.Some questioned the medieval about government.Some questioned the medieval belief in the belief in the divine ri

12、ght of kingsdivine right of kings the idea that God the idea that God chose a countrys king,and that the king got his chose a countrys king,and that the king got his authority from God.authority from God.Many Enlightenment thinkers stressed individual Many Enlightenment thinkers stressed individual

13、rights that governments must respect.rights that governments must respect.Enlightenment thinkers also felt that people should Enlightenment thinkers also felt that people should have a say in their government.have a say in their government.Enlightenment and ReligionEnlightenment thinkers believed hu

14、mans were capable of discovering truth for themselves.Many believed in an all powerful deity(or God),but not in a specific church or holy book.Some called themselves Deists Dee-ists.Right and Wrong should be based on rational insight.Enlightenment ThinkersThomas HobbesHobbes believed people are natu

15、rally Hobbes believed people are naturally selfish,cruel,and greedy.selfish,cruel,and greedy.In 1651,he published a book called In 1651,he published a book called LeviathanLeviathan.In this book,he wrote that.In this book,he wrote that people are driven by a restless desire for people are driven by

16、a restless desire for power.power.Without laws,people would always be in Without laws,people would always be in conflict.conflict.In such a“state of nature”,life would be In such a“state of nature”,life would be“nasty,brutish,and short.”“nasty,brutish,and short.”His ideaHis idea:Governments were cre

17、ated to:Governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness.protect people from their own selfishness.Hobbes continued.Later Enlightenment thinkers might not have agreed with HobbesBut,he was important because he was one of the first thinkers to apply reason to the problem of polit

18、icsHis ideas may sound harsh,but it was based on his own observations of human nature and reasoning.John Locke:Social Contract and Natural RightsHe wrote Two Treatises of Government in 1690.He believed the purpose of government was to protect peoples natural rights.He said government should protect,

19、”his life,liberty,and propertyagainst the injuries and attempts of other men.”His idea:The true basis of government was a social contract between people and their government.If the government didnt respect peoples rights,it could be overthrown.John Locke:Social Contract and Natural RightsIn exchange

20、 protection,people gave government the power to rule on their behalf.We call this idea the“consent of the governed.”Lasting Impact:the idea that government could be overthrown if it failed to respect peoples rights had wide influence and was ultimately echoed in the American Declaration of Independe

21、nce.Lockes ideas in EnglandLocke was in favor of constitutional monarchies.This meant laws or a constitution limited the power of the monarchs(or kings).In 1689,the English set down a new set of rules called the English Bill of Rights.This strengthened the power of the people and their representativ

22、es in Parliament(an English congress.)Montesquieu:Separation of PowersLike Locke,Montesquieu was concerned with how to Like Locke,Montesquieu was concerned with how to protect liberty from a bad government.protect liberty from a bad government.He Wrote He Wrote The Spirit of LawsThe Spirit of Laws i

23、n 1748.In this book,he in 1748.In this book,he described how governments should be organized.described how governments should be organized.His idea:The His idea:The separation of powersseparation of powers:By dividing:By dividing different powers among more than one branch of different powers among

24、more than one branch of government,no one group in the government could government,no one group in the government could grow too powerful.grow too powerful.Montesquieu continued.Each branch of government checked the other branches.Each branch of government checked the other branches.When powers were

25、 not separated this way,Montesquieu When powers were not separated this way,Montesquieu warned,liberty was soon lost.warned,liberty was soon lost.He said:“When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person,there can be no liberty.”Lasting Impact:He greatly influenced the men who

26、 wrote the U.S.Constitution.We now have a separate legislative(Congress),judicial(courts),and executive(President)branch.Voltaire:Religious tolerance and free speechVoltaire was an Enlightenment writer.Voltaire was an Enlightenment writer.His most famous novel was His most famous novel was CandideCa

27、ndide,in,in which he poked fun at old religious which he poked fun at old religious ideas.ideas.Voltaire was especially concerned with Voltaire was especially concerned with freedom of thought and expression.freedom of thought and expression.His ideaHis idea:He had a strong belief in:He had a strong

28、 belief in religious tolerance and free speech.religious tolerance and free speech.ToleranceTolerance means the acceptance of means the acceptance of different beliefs and customs.different beliefs and customs.Voltaire ContinuedVoltaire said,“I disapprove of what you say,but I will defend to the dea

29、th your right to say it.”Lasting Impact:Voltaire met Benjamin Franklin,and when the U.S.Bill of Rights was written,the ideas of freedom of religion and freedom of speech were added to our 1st amendment to the Constitution.Cesare Beccaria:The Rights of the AccusedIn the Middle Ages,In the Middle Ages

30、,torture of criminals was torture of criminals was common.The rack was common.The rack was often used,as well as often used,as well as devices like devices like thumbscrews.thumbscrews.Beccaria,an Italian,Beccaria,an Italian,wrote a book called wrote a book called On On Crimes and Punishments Crimes

31、 and Punishments in which he argued in which he argued against brutal against brutal punishments.punishments.Beccaria continued.His ideasHis ideas:A person accused of a crime should receive:A person accused of a crime should receive a fair and speedy trial.Torture should never be used.a fair and spe

32、edy trial.Torture should never be used.Capital Punishment(death sentences)should be done Capital Punishment(death sentences)should be done away with.away with.“For a punishment to be just it,should consist of only such gradations of intensity as to suffice to deter men from committing crimes.”This m

33、eans that“punishment should fit the crime”and not be more than necessary to stop someone else from doing it again.Beccarias impactBeccarias ideas were adopted straight into our Constitutions Bill of Rights.In fact our 8th amendment prevents“cruel and unusual punishment”for crimes,and our 6th amendme

34、nt provides for a speedy trial.(The only exception is the Death Penalty,which we still have in the United States today.)Ren Descartes(15961650)French philosopher and mathematicianQuestioned the basis of his own knowledge“Cogito ergo sum”Francis Bacon and the Scientific MethodThe scientific methodObs

35、ervation and experimentationTestable hypothesisSir Francis BaconIsaac Newton and the Scientific MethodUsed the scientific method to make a range of discoveriesNewtons achievements using the scientific method helped inspire Enlightenment thinkersSir Isaac NewtonThe Marquis de CondorcetFrench mathemat

36、icianSketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human SpiritCondorcet(continued)Universal educationProgress and“perfectibility”The French Salon and the PhilosophesMadame de PompadourMadame de PompadourSalons:gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideasPhilosophes:French E

37、nlightenment thinkers who attended the salonsVoltaire(16941778)Most famous philosopheWrote plays,essays,poetry,philosophy,and booksAttacked the“relics”of the medieval social orderChampioned social,political,and religious toleranceThe EncyclopdieMajor achievement of the philosophesBegun in 1745;compl

38、eted in 1765Frontspiece to the EncyclopdieThe Encyclopdie(continued)Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond dAlembertBanned by the Catholic ChurchEncyclopdie editor Denis DiderotDeismDeists believed in God but rejected organized religionMorality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings

39、 of the churchLord Edward Herbert of Cherbury,founder of deismDeism(continued)The“great watchmaker”Thomas PaineThomas PaineJean-Jacques Rousseau(17121778)Philosophized on the nature of society and governmentThe Social ContractWomen and the Enlightenment Changing viewsRole of educationEqualityMary Wo

40、llstonecraftOlympe de GougesAbigail AdamsWife to John Adams,who Wife to John Adams,who was a leader of the American was a leader of the American Revolution and later Revolution and later President.President.She reminded John not to She reminded John not to forget women in the forget women in the Rev

41、olution.“Remember,all Revolution.“Remember,all men would be tyrannts if they men would be tyrannts if they could.If particular care and could.If particular care and attention is not paid to the attention is not paid to the Ladies,we are determined to Ladies,we are determined to start a rebellionwe w

42、ill not start a rebellionwe will not hold ourselves bound to any hold ourselves bound to any Laws in which we have no Laws in which we have no voice.”voice.”Mary WollstonecraftAn English writer.In 1792,An English writer.In 1792,she argued that women she argued that women deserved the same rights and

43、 deserved the same rights and opportunities as men.opportunities as men.Wollstonecraft believed Wollstonecraft believed education was the key for education was the key for women wanting equality and women wanting equality and freedom.She inspired many freedom.She inspired many later leaders of the w

44、omens later leaders of the womens rights movement in America.rights movement in America.Wollstonecraft(continued)EducationWomens rights movementTitle page of Wollstonecrafts Thoughts on the Education of DaughtersOlympe De GougesCriticized the French RevolutionThe Rights of Women“Declaration of the R

45、ights of Woman and the Female Citizen”Executed in 1793Impact of the Enlightenment on GovernmentModern views of government owe a great deal to Enlightenment thinkers.The Enlightenment influenced monarchs in Europe,especially enlightened despots,and greatly affected revolutions in America and France.E

46、nlightened Rule by MonarchsDespotDespot:a king or other ruler with absolute,a king or other ruler with absolute,unlimited powerunlimited power.The Enlightenment did not change Europe overnight.The Enlightenment did not change Europe overnight.Many countries still had kings.Some of them Many countrie

47、s still had kings.Some of them became“enlightened despots”by using became“enlightened despots”by using enlightenment ideas in their countriesenlightenment ideas in their countries.Examples:Some kings ended the use of Examples:Some kings ended the use of torturetorture,started started universitiesuni

48、versities,and used religious,and used religious tolerancetolerance.They wanted to keep the people happy without They wanted to keep the people happy without losing their power.losing their power.“Enlightened Monarchs”Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchsReceptive to Enlightenment ideasInstituted

49、 new laws and practices Enlightened Monarchs Frederick II,Prussia Catherine the Great,Russia Maria Theresa,Austria Joseph II,Holy Roman Empire Gustav III,Sweden Napoleon I,France Frederick the Great(ruled 17401786)Prussian rulerHad a strong interest in Enlightenment worksInduced Voltaire to come to

50、PrussiaFrederick the Great(continued)Wanted to make Prussia a modern stateReforms Painting titled“Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”Catherine the Great(ruled 17621796)Russian rulerWell-versed in Enlightenment works“Westernizing”RussiaCatherine the Great(continued)Domestic reformsPeasant revoltMaria