2022年高中化学方程式总结2.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高中化学方程式总结（ High school chemistry equation summary）High school chemistry equation summary Basic class Nonmetallic elementary elements F2, Cl2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si 1, oxidation: F2 + H2 = 2HF F2 +Xe excess =XeF2 2F2 excess +Xe=XeF4 NF2 +2M=2MFn representing most metals 2F2 +2H

2、2O=4HF+O2 2F2 +2NaOH=2NaF+OF2 +H2O F2 +2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2 F2 +2NaBr=2NaF+Br2 F2+2NaI =2NaF+I2 F2, +Cl2 equal volume =2ClF 3F2 excess +Cl2=2ClF3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 7F2 excess +I2 =2IF7 Cl2 +H2 =2HCl 3Cl2 +2P=2PCl3 Cl2 +PCl3 =PCl5 Cl2 +2Na=2NaCl 3Cl2 +2Fe=2FeCl3 Cl2 +

3、2FeCl2 =2FeCl3 Cl2+Cu=CuCl2 2Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl2 +2NaI =2NaCl+I2 5Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl Cl2 +Na2S=2NaCl+S Cl2 +H2S=2HCl+S Cl2+SO2 +2H2O=H2SO4 +2HCl Cl2 +H2O2 =2HCl+O2 2O2 +3Fe=Fe3O4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - O2+K=KO2 S+H2=H2S 2S+C=CS2 S+Fe=FeS S+2Cu=Cu2S 3S+2Al=A

4、l2S3 S+Zn=ZnS N2+3H2=2NH3 N2+3Mg=Mg3N2 N2+3Ca=Ca3N2 N2+3Ba=Ba3N2 N2+6Na=2Na3N N2+6K=2K3N N2+6Rb=2Rb3N P2+6H2=4PH3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - P+3Na=Na3P 2P+3Zn=Zn3P2 2. reducibility S+O2=SO2 S+O2=SO2 S+6HNO3 thick =H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O 3S+4 HNO3 dilute =3SO2+4NO+2H2O N2+O2=2N

5、O 4P+5O2=P4O10 often written as P2O5 2P+3X2=2PX3 X stands for F2, Cl2, Br2 PX3+X2=PX5 P4+20HNO3 thick =4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O C+2F2=CF4 C+2Cl2=CCl4 2C+O2 a small amount =2CO C+O2 adequate =CO2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - C+CO2=2CO C+H2O=CO+H2 generating water gas 2C+SiO2=Si+2

6、CO made from crude silicon Si coarse +2Cl=SiCl4 SiCl4+2H2=Si pure +4HCl Si powder +O2=SiO2 Si+C=SiC emery Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2 3, base disproportionation Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO acid inhibition, disproportionation, addition of alkali or illumination to promote disproportionation Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2

7、O 2Cl2+2Ca OH 2=CaCl2+Ca ClO 2+2H2O 3Cl2+6KOH hot, thick =5KCl+KClO3+3H2O 3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4P+3KOH thick +3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO2 11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4 3C+CaO=CaC2+CO 3C+SiO2=SiC+2CO Two, the reduction of metallic elements

8、Na, Mg, Al, Fe 2Na+H2=2NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na2O+O2=2Na2O2 2Na+O2=Na2O2 2Na+S=Na2S explosion 2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2 4Na+TiCl4 molten =4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2=MgCl2 Mg+Br2=MgBr2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2Mg+O2=2MgO Mg+S=MgS Mg+2H2O=Mg OH 2+H2 2Mg+TiCl4 molten =Ti+2M

9、gCl2 Mg+2RbCl=MgCl2+2Rb 2Mg+CO2=2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+Si Mg+H2S=MgS+H2 Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2 2Al+3Cl2=2AlCl3 4Al+3O2=2Al2O3 passivation 4Al Hg +3O2+2xH2O=2 Al2O3.xH2O +4Hg 4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3=Al2O3+2Cr 2Al+Fe2O3=Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeO=Al2O3+3Fe 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - -

10、- - 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2 2Al+3H2SO4=Al2 SO4 3+3H2 2Al+6H2SO4 concentrated =Al2 SO4 3+3SO2+6H2O Al, Fe is passivated in cold, dense H2SO4, HNO3 Al+4HNO dilute =Al NO3 3+NO+2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2 2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3 Fe+I2=FeI2 Fe+S=FeS 3Fe+4H2O g =Fe3O4+4H2 Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2 Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Sn

11、Cl4=FeCl2+SnCl2 iron does not take four tin chloride completely in an acid environment Reduced to tin Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Three, non-metallic hydrides HF, HCl, H2O, H2S, NH3 1, reducibility: 4HCl thick +MnO2=MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O 4HCl g +O2=2Cl2+2H2O 1

12、6HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O 14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O 2H2O+2F2=4HF+O2 2H2S+3O2 adequate =2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2 a small amount =2S+2H2O 2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O H2S+H2SO4 thick =S+SO2+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO dilute =3S+2NO+4H2O 5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2 SO4 3+K2SO4+3S

13、+7H2O H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2NH3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O 2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl 4NH3+3O2 pure oxygen =2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O 4NH3+6NO=5N2+6HO removal of NO by ammonia NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 4NaH+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+2H2 CaH2+2H2O=Ca OH 2

14、+2H2 2, acidic: 4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O the content of this reaction is widely used in the determination of SiO2 in steel samples or samples 2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl H2S+Fe=FeS+H2 H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3 H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HCl H2S+Pb NO3 2

15、=PbS+2HNO3 H2S+FeCl2= 2NH3+2Na=2NaNH2+H2 NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3 3, alkaline: NH3+HCl=NH4Cl NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3 2NH3+H2SO4= NH4 2SO4 NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl this reaction is used in industrial preparation of baking soda, soda 4, instability: 2HF=H2+F2 2HCl=H2+Cl2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 38 页精选学习资料

16、 - - - - - - - - - 2H2O=2H2+O2 2H2O2=2H2O+O2 H2S=H2+S 2NH3=N2+3H2 Four, non-metallic oxides Reducibility of low-priced states: 2SO2+O2=2SO3 2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4 this is the slow environmental chemical reaction of SO2 occurring in the atmosphere. SO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl SO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr SO2+I2+

17、2H2O=H2SO4+2HI SO2+NO2=SO3+NO 2NO+O2=2NO2 NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - used in the nitric gases acid industry to absorb NO and NO2 in exhaust 2CO+O2=2CO2 CO+CuO=Cu+CO2 3CO+Fe2O3=2Fe+3CO2 CO+H2O=CO2+H2 Oxidation: SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2O SO3+2KI=K2SO3+I2 NO2+2

18、KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH no bromine vapor and NO2 can be identified with starch KI solution 4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O 2NO2+Cu=4CuO+N2 CO2+2Mg=2MgO+C CO2 cannot be used to extinguish burning fires such as Mg, Ca, Ba, Na, K, etc. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - SiO2+2H2=Si+2H2O SiO2+2Mg=

19、2MgO+Si 3, with the role of water: SO2+H2O=H2SO3 SO3+H2O=H2SO4 3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO N2O5+H2O=2HNO3 P2O5+H2O=2HPO3 P2O5+3H2O=2H3PO4 P2O5 is highly absorbent and can be used as a gas drying agent P2O5+3H2SO4 thick =2H3PO4+3SO3 CO2+H2O=H2CO3 4, with the role of alkaline substances: SO2+2NH3+H2O= NH4 2SO3

20、SO2+ NH4 2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO3 this is the reaction of the sulphuric acid plant to the 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - recovery of SO2. First absorb SO2 with ammonia water, And then H2SO4 processing: 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4= NH4 2SO4+2H2O+2SO2 The resulting ammonium sulfate is used as f

21、ertilizer and the SO2 is recycled as feedstock gas SO2+Ca OH 2=CaSO3+H2O do not distinguish between clear lime and water, SO2 and CO2. can be identified with fuchsin. SO3+MgO=MgSO4 SO3+Ca OH 2=CaSO4+H2O CO2+2NaOH excess =Na2CO3+H2O CO2 excess +NaOH=NaHCO3 CO2+Ca OH 2 excess =CaCO3+H2O 2CO2 excess +C

22、a OH 2=Ca HCO3 2 CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al OH 3+Na2CO3 CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3 SiO2+CaO=CaSiO3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O alkaline solution slowly corrosive glass at normal temperature SiO2+Na2CO3=Na2SiO3+CO2 SiO2+CaCO3=CaSiO3+CO2 Five, metal ox

23、ide 1, the low cost of reduction: 6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4 FeO+4HNO3=Fe NO3 3+NO2+2H2O 2, oxidation: Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O this reaction is used to prepare Na2O MgO, Al2O3, is hardly oxidizing and can hardly be reduced to Mg, Al. Mg and Al. are usually made by electrolysis Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O reduced iron powder Fe3

24、O4+4H2=3Fe+4H2O 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3, with the role of water: Na2O+H2O=2NaOH 2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2 This reaction is divided into two steps: Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2; The preparation of 2H2O2=2H2O+O2. and H2O2 can utilize similar reactions: BaO2+H2SO4 dilute =BaSO4+

25、H2O2 MgO+H2O=Mg OH 2 slow response 4, with the role of acidic substances: Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4 Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3 Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O 2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2 Na2O2+H2SO4 cold, thin =Na2SO4+H2O2 mgo + so3 = = = mgso4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - mgo + h2so4 = = = mgso4 + h2o al2o3

26、 + 3h2so4 = = = al2 so4 3 + 3h2o al2o3 是两性氧化物 : al2o3 + 2naoh = = = 2naalo2 + h2o feo + 2hcl = = = fecl2 + 3h2o fe2o3 + 6hcl = = = 2fecl3 + 3h2o fe2o3 + 3h2s g = = = fe2s3 + 3h2o fe3o4 + 8hcl = = = fecl2 + 2fecl3 + mncl2.4h2o 六, 含氧酸1, 氧化性 : 4hclo3 + 3h2s = = = 3h2so4 + 4hcl hclo3 + hi = = = hio3 + h

27、cl 3hclo + hi = = = hio3 + 3hcl hclo + h2so3 = = = h2so4 + hcl hclo + h2o2 = = = hcl + h2o + o2 氧化性 : hclo hclo2 hclo3 hclo4, 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 18 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 但浓, 热的 hclo4 氧化性很强 2h2so4 浓 + c = = = co2 + 2so2 + 2h2o 2h2so4 浓 + s = = = 3so2 + 2h2o h2so4 + fe al 室温下钝化6h2so4 浓 +

28、 2fe = = = fe2 so4 3 + 3so2 + 6h2o 2h2so4 浓 + cu = = = cu + so2 + 2h2o h2so4 浓 + 2hbr = = = so2 + br2 + 2h2o h2so4 浓 + 2hi = = = so2 + i1 + 2h2o h2so4 稀 + fe = = = feso4 + h2 2h2so3 + 2h2s = = = 3s + 2h2o 4hno3 浓 + c = = = co2 + 4no2 + 2h2o 6hno3 浓 + s = = = h2so4 + 6no2 + 2h2o 5hno3 浓 + p = = = h3p

29、o4 + 5no2 + h2o 6hno3 + fe = = = fe no3 3 + 3no2 + 3h2o 4hno3 + fe = = = fe no3 3 + no + 2h2o 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 19 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 30hno3 + 8fe = = = 8fe no3 3 + 3n2o + 15h2o 36hno3 + 10fe = = = 10fe no3 3 + 3n2 + 18h2o 30hno3 + 8fe = = = 8fe no3 3 + 3nh4no3 + 9h2o 2, 仍原性 : h2so

30、3 + x2 + h2o = = = h2so4 + 2hx x 表示 cl2, br2, i2 2h2so3 + o2 = = = 2h2so4 h2so3 + h2o2 = = = h2so4 + h2o 5h2so3 + 2kmno4 = = = 2mnso4 + k2so4 + 2h2so4 + 3h2o h2so3 + 2fecl3 + h2o = = = h2so4 + 2fecl2 + 2hcl 3, 酸性: h2so4 浓 + caf2 = = = caso4 + 2hf h2so4 浓 + nacl = = = nahso4 + hcl h2so4 浓 + 2nacl = =

31、 = na2so4 + 2hcl h2so4 浓 + nano3 = = = nahso4 + hno3 3h2so4 浓 + ca3 po4 2 = = = 3caso4 + 2h3po4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 20 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2h2so4 浓 + ca3 po4 2 = = = 2caso4 + ca h2po4 2 3hno3 + ag3po4 = = = h3po4 + 3agno3 2hno3 + caco3 = = = ca no3 2 + h2o + co2 用 hno3 和浓 h2so4 不能制备 h

32、2s, hi, hbr, so2 等仍原性气体 4h3po4 + ca3 po4 2 = = = 3ca h2po4 2 重钙 h3po4 浓 + nabr = = = nah2po4 + hbr h3po4 浓 + nai, = = = nah2po4 + hi 4, 不稳固性 : 2hclo = = = 2hcl + o2 4hno3 = = = 4no2 + o2 + 2h2o h2so3 = = = h2o + so2 h2co3 = = = h2o + co2 h4sio4 = = = h2sio3 + h2o 七, 碱名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 21 页,共 38

33、页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 低价态的仍原性 : 4fe oh 2 + o2 + 2h2o = = = 4fe oh 3 与酸性物质的作用 : 2naoh + so2 少量 = = = na2so3 + h2o naoh + so2 足量 = = = nahso3 2naoh + sio2 = = = nasio3 + h2o 2naoh + al2o3 = = = 2naalo2 + h2o 2naoh + cl2 = = = nacl + naclo + h2o naoh + hcl nacl + h2o = = = naoh + h2s 足量 = = = nahs

34、+ h2o 2naoh + h2s 少量 = = = na2s + 2h2o 3naoh alcl3 = = = + al oh 3 + 3nacl naoh + al oh 3 = = = naalo2 + 2h2o alcl3和 al oh 3哪个酸性强 . naoh + nh4cl = = = + nh3 + h2o nacl mg oh 2 + 2nh4cl = = = mgcl2 + 2nh3.h2o 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 22 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - al oh 3 + nh4cl 不溶解3, 不稳固性 : mg oh

35、 2 and mgo + h2o = = = 2al oh 3 = = = + al2o3 3h2o 2fe oh 3 = = = fe2o3 + 3h2o cu oh 2 = = = cuo + h2o 八, 盐 1, 氧化性 : 2fecl3 + fe = = = 3fecl2 2fecl3 + cu = = = 2fecl2 + cucl2 用于雕刻铜线路版 2fecl3 + zn + zncl2 2fecl2 = = = = = = fecl2 fec13 + ag + agc 名师归纳总结 fe2 so4 + 3 = = = 2ag feso4 + ag2so4 较难反应 第 23

36、页,共 38 页fe no3 3 +, ag 不反应- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2fecl3 + h2s + 2hcl = = = 2fecl2 + s 2fecl3 2ki = = = + + + i2 2fecl2 2kcl fecl2 = = = fe + mg + mgcl2 2, 仍原性 : 2fecl2 + cl2 = = = 2fecl3 3na2s + 8hno3 稀 = = = + + 3s + 4h2o 6nano3 2no 3na2so3 + 2hno3 稀 = = = 2no 3na2so4 + + h2o 2na2so3

37、 + o2 = = = 2na2so4 3, 与碱性物质的作用 : 2nh3.h2o mgcl2 + = = = mg oh 2 + nh4cl alcl3 3nh3.h2o = = = + al oh 3 + 3nh4cl 3nh3.h2o fec13 + = = = fe oh 3 + 3nh4cl 4, 与酸性物质的作用 : na3po4 + = = = na2hpo4 + nacl hcl na2hpo4 + nah2po4 + nacl hcl = = = = = = h3po4 nah2po4 + hcl + nacl 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 24 页,共 38

38、 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - na2co3 + nahco3 = = = + nacl hcl hcl nacl + nahco3 = = = h2o + co2 +. 3na2co3 + + 3h2o 2alcl3 = = = 2al oh 3 + + 6nacl 3co2 3na2co3 + + 3h2o 2fecl3 = = = 2fe oh 3 + + 6nacl 3co2 3nahco3 alcl3 = = = + al oh 3 + 3co2 3nahco3 fec13 + = = = fe oh 3 + 3co2 3na2s + al2 so4 3 + 6

39、h2o = = = 2al oh 3 + 3h2s 3naalo2 alcl3 6h2o + + = = = 4al oh 3 5, 不稳固性 : na2s2o3 + h2so4 and na2so4 + = = = + so2 + h2o nh4cl = = = nh3 + hcl nh4hco3 = = = h2o + co2 + nh3 2kno3 2kno2 + o2 = = = 2cu no3 + 3 = = = 2cuo 4no2 + o2 2kmno4 = = = k2mno4 + o2 + mno2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 25 页,共 38 页精选学习资料

40、 - - - - - - - - - 2kclo3 = = = + 3 o2 2kcl 2nahco3 = = = co2 + h2o + na2co3 ca hco3 2 = = = caco3 + co2 + h2o caco3, cao + co2 = = = mgco3 mgo + co2 = = = 二、试验题检验类1、硫酸根离子的检验 : bacl2 + na2so4 + = baso4 2nacl 2、碳酸根离子的检验 : na2co3 + cacl2 + = caco3 2nacl 3、碳酸钠与盐酸反应 : na2co3 + 2hcl = 2nacl + h2o + co24、

41、木炭仍原氧化铜 : 2cuo c + + 高温 2cu co2 5、铁片与硫酸铜溶液反应 cuso4, feso4, fe + + cu = 6、氯化钙与碳酸钠溶液反应 : na2co3 + cacl2 + = caco3 2nacl7、钠在空气中燃烧 : 2na + o2 na2o2钠与氧气反应 : 4na + o2 = 2na2o 8、过氧化钠与水反应 : 2na2o2 4naoh o2 = + + 2h2o9、过氧化钠与二氧化碳反应: 2na2o2 + + o2 = 2na2co3 2co2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 26 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 10, sodium and water reaction: 2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2 = 11, iron and water vapor reaction g: 3Fe + 4H2O = F3O4 + 4H2 = 12, aluminum reacts with sodium hydroxide solution: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O = 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 = 13. The reaction of calcium oxide with water: CaO + H2O