2022年中考英语总复习语法提纲 .pdf

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1、中考英语总复习语法提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who,she,you,it.3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good,right,white,orange.4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词(v.)：表示动作或

2、状态。如：am,is,are,have,see.6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a,an,the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,behind.9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before.10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh,well,hi,hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、

3、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping.(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”通常由名词或代词担任如：He can spell t

4、he word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter.(他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me.(他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city.(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard.(他工作努力)7、宾

5、语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaces

6、hip,headache,basketball,playground 等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名词：动词+er/or 动词+ing 动词+(t)ion 形容词+ness 其他,如：inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge(2)派生形容词：名词+y 名词+ful 动词+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese;Japanese English French German 国名+(i)an 如：snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,intere

7、sting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious(3)派生副词：形容词+ly 其它,如：slowly,angrily,full fully,good well,possible possibly等等。3、转换法：(1)形容词 动词,如：dry(干燥的)dry(弄干),clean(干净的)clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词 名词,如：look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。(3)名词 动词,如：hand(手)(传递),face(脸)(面对)等等。(4)形容词 副词,如：early early,fast fa

8、st等等。(5)副词 连词,如：when(什么时候)(当 时候),等等。(6)介词 副词,如：in(到 里)(在里面；在家),on(在上)(进行,继续),等等。二、名词1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing,Tom,the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens(格林一家人)。2

9、、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil,family,man,foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如：box,child,orange；不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water,news,oil,population,information.2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加s。如：map maps,boy boys,horse horses,table tables.s,o,x,sh,ch 结尾的词加es.如：class class

10、es,boxboxes,hero heroes,dishdishes,bench benches.注：少数以o 结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo photos,piano pianos.以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i,再加 es。如：family families,citycities,partyparties.以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,变 f 或 fe 为 v,再加 es。如：shelf shelves,wolfwolves,lifelives,knifeknives.2、不规则变化man men,woman women,sheep sheep,tooth teeth

11、,fish fish,child children,ox oxen,goose geese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice two bags of rice,a piece of paper three pieces of paper,a bottle of milk five bottles of milk.3、名词所有格：1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childern s Day(儿童节),my sister s book(我

12、姐姐的书)(2)以 s 或 es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加 s.如：today s newspaper(今天的报纸),ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息),China s population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of 短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、注解：s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt s(我阿姨家),the doctors

13、(诊所)两人共有某物时,可以采用A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友),a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is

14、very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如 family,class,team,group,row,police,school 等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图)3、Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people 等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(

15、院子里有只绵羊)/There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths,news等虽然有s 结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.(这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of stud

16、ents are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/Fish and chips is very famous food.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、there be 句型中 be 的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：Th

17、ere is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用 both and 连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with 的短语时,谓语单复数由with 之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6

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24、2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R411、either or 或者neither nor 连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的

25、)/Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有half of /(three quarters)of /all(of)the.等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on

26、the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,population 一词又有特殊情况：What s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数)/Three quarters of the population in t

27、his city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5、部分名词用法辨析：1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport 通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game 意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match 意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)/The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.

28、(2008 奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军)/They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)2、festival、holiday、vacation 的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Televisi

29、on Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)/Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)3、journey、tour、trip、travel 的区别：journey 指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour 指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；tr

30、ip 通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了)/He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)/Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥)during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗

31、？)/Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)4、sound、noise、voice 的区别：sound 指各种声音；noise 主要指“噪音”；voice 指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠)/All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫)/The singer has lost her ringing v

32、oice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)5、fish 的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用 fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish 指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.(池子里有很多种类的鱼)/I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)三、代词：1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,

33、分为主格和宾格两种形式。1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如：I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物)/Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗？)/Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了？)/Thats it.(就那么回事)/Its he!(是他！)2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？)/Help me!(救救我！)/We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词作表语或者放在

34、比较状语从句连词than 或 as 之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：-Who is it?(是谁？)It s I/me.(是我。)4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you he I”的顺序表达。如：Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班)Who will go there?(谁要去那儿？)You and me.(你和我)5、人称代词it 除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语

35、或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：-What s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样？)It s fine.(天气晴好)/-What s the time?(几点啦？)It s 12：00.(12 点)/Its a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路)/It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间)/It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些

36、人什么时候能进入太空)/We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R

37、4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:

38、CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T

39、2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6

40、HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4

41、U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X

42、9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G2B3M5R4文档编码:CU6A1T2V5A6 HF10X4U3D10X9 ZU1G

43、2B3M5R43、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗？)/I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨)/They are their books.(是他们的书)2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？)/Your

44、 classroom is very big,but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)3、“of+名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了)(指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)试比较 My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)4、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动

45、作执行者本身)。如：Don t play with the knife,you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：The story itself is good.Only he di dn t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)6、指示代词：指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。单数复数含义this(这个)these(这些)指较近的人和物that(那个)those(那些)指较远的人和物such(这样的人/物)指上文提过的人和物 same(同样的人/

46、物)指和上文提过的相同的人和物it(这人/这物)指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如：Whats this?(这是什么？)/That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句)/Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情)/Do the same as the teacher tells you.(按老师说的做)/-Who is it?(是谁？)-It s me!(是我！)6、关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面

47、的定语从句。1、关系代词who、which、that、whom 等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在画画的学生是一年级的)2、关系代词who/whom 指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如：Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat?(你认识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗？)3、关系代词which 指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如：Have you found the bo

48、ok which you lost several days ago?(你找到几天前丢失的那本书了吗？)4、关系代词that 既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank?(你看得见顺着河跑的男人/狗了吗？)7、连接代词：用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。英语中连接代词主要有：what(什么),who(谁),whom(谁),which(哪个),whose(谁的)。详见相应从句。8、不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。单数含义so

49、me any no none/each(every)one either,neither so the other,another 复合不定代词不可数含义much little,a little all/复数含义many few,a few ones both others,the others 注：复合不定代词有12 个：something(某事),someone(某人),somebody(某人),anything(任何事),anyone(任何人),anybody(任何人),nothing(没事),nobody(没有人),no one(没有人),everything(一切),everyone

50、(每个人),everybody(每个人).(1)some 和 any 的用法：some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如：I have some work to do today.(今天我有些事情要做)/They will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那儿)some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡吗？)any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。