2022年高考英语语法精品学案专题非谓语动词.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 从近几年的高考试题来看,学习好资料欢迎下载详细考非谓语动词考查特点出现情形和设问角度的多样化趋势；点如下：现在分词与过去分词的区分；done, being done, to be done 的区分；不定式与分词作状语的区分； 不定式的时态及疑问词不定式形式；谓语动词与非谓语动词的区分；非谓语动词的时态、语态、复合结构以及独立结构的使用；大家在判定使用何种非谓语动词形式时,可遵循以下规律： 对比时间： 对比谓语动词的时间,确定非谓语动词的时态形式；辨明规律： 从非谓语动词与其规律主语的关系判定非谓语动词的语态；一、动词不定式1动词不定式的各种形式

2、及其表达的时态和语态意义主动 被动一般式to do to be done 进行式to be doing / 完成式to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing / 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 26 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载如：He seems to know this. It is important to read English every day. The bridge to be built next year is very long. Im s

3、orry to have kept you waiting so long. His new novel is said to have been published. She happened to be writing a letter when I passed by. 明白不定式各种形式的时态和语态意义对正确懂得和使用不定式起着很重要的作用；要结合不定式的句法功能一起把握,敏捷运用；2不定式的句法功能除了谓语外,不定式可以担当句子的任何成分；To see is to believe. 眼见为实； 作主语和表语 You should continue to learn as long a

4、s you live. 要活到老学到老；作宾语 She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 开； 作定语 To do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对；作状语 I didnt expect you to arrive so early. 我没想到你来得那么早；作宾语补足语 3学习动词不定式应留意的几个问题1 用不定式作宾语的词语；她晚上常常有许多会要名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 26 页精选学习资料 - - - - - -

5、 - - - 以下词语常用不定式作宾语：学习好资料欢迎下载,afford,promise ,refuse ,expect ,hope ,learn ,offerwish ,want ,fail ,plan ,agree ,prefer,decide ,manage ,arrange ,determine,desire等；以下动词后可接“疑问词不定式”：teach ,decide ,wonder ,show ,learn ,forget,ask ,advise ,discuss 等；2 懂得和使用不定式作宾补；see, watch ,notice ,hear ,listen to,observe

6、 , feel ,make ,let ,have 等的宾补用动词原形,变被动时要加to ,此时的不定式就是主语补足语；常用不定式作宾补的几种情形：sb. to do sth. have done 主语 ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like主语 think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imaginesb. to be/to sth. 主语 call on/depend on/wait for/ask forsb. to do sth. 3 不定式作定语的特别用法； 以下词语后常接不定式作定语：chance ,wis

7、h ,right ,courage ,need ,promise ,time ,opportunity, way ,the first, the second , the last,the only 等；如：He had a good way to make his lessons lively and interesting. Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday. 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在规律上有主谓关系；如：There is no one to look after her. 不定式与被修饰的名词在

8、规律上有动宾关系；如：I have a lot of work to do. 假如不定式是不及物动词,后面应有必要的介词；如：He is looking for a room to live in. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 26 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载但假如及物动词后已有了自己的宾语,其后仍应加适当的介词；Here is a box to put things in. 留意：假如不定式的规律主语和规律宾语都显现在不定式前面,不定式就用主动形式；如在句中找不到不定式的规律主语,就用不定式的被动形式；留意这两句话的区

9、分：I have a letter to write. 我有封信要写；我写信 to be taken to your Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything friends ？ 你有什么要 我带给你的伴侣们吗？被我带而不是你带 4 不定式作状语的用法；不定式作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示目的、结果、缘由；only to do表示出人意料的结果；如：We hurried to the classroom only to find none there. in order not to,so as not to 用来引导目的状语,但 s

10、o as to 不能用于句首； so as to do, such 名词 as to do引导结果状语；如：The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus. Im not such a fool as to believe that. 不定式仍可以作修饰表语形容词或补语形容词的状语；如：He is hard to please / to get along with. Do you think him easy to work with. 留意：此时不定式用主动,而不需用被动；而且不及物动词后的介词不能遗漏；5 不定式的完成式的特

11、别用法； 表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作；如：The novel was said to have been published. I regret to have been with you for so many years. 名师归纳总结 seem ,appear ,be said ,be supposed ,be believed,be thought,be known ,be 第 4 页,共 26 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - reported学习好资料欢迎下载等常用于上面句型；此外, glad ,happy ,

12、satisfied,sorry ,surprised,disappointed后也可接不定式的完成式； 不定式的完成式仍可表示“ 过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气；A would like/would love 不定式的完成式；B was/were 不定式的完成式,表示该做某事或想做但未实现；C expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish 过去未曾实现的愿望；6 不定式的省略； 不定式的完成式,表示两个并列的不定式由and 或 or 连接时,省略后面的不定式中的to ；如：I want to finish my homework and g

13、o home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例： To be or not to be,this is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry. 表示对比 句中含有动词 do 时, but , except ,besides 等后面的 to 可省略；即 “前有 do,后省to ”；如：He didnt do anything but complain. why not, had better,would rather,cant but 等后省 to ；如：He could not but

14、walk home. 7 不定式的替代；名师归纳总结 多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中,为了防止重复, 作宾语或补语的不定式再次显现时,第 5 页,共 26 页to 后的内容常承前省略只保留 to 即可 ；但假如承前省略的不定式有助动词have 或 be 的任何形式,后应当保留原形be 或 have ；如：- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载Susan is not what she used to be. Id like /love /be happy to. You came late this morning. You ought

15、 to have finished your homework. I know I ought to have. 二、动名词动名词具有动词和名词的特点,有一般式和完成式,有主动式和被动式之分,在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语；1 动名词的基本构成和意义时态与语态意义例句表示动作与谓语动词Would you mind my opening the window？一般式同时或稍后发生你介意我打开窗户吗？been taken to I remembered having 表示动作先于谓语动完成式词发生Beijing three times. 我记得自己被带到北京三次；for having fini

16、shed They were praised 规律主语是动名词动主动语态 作的执行者规律主语是动名词的 被动语态 承担者the work ahead of time. 他们因提前完成工作而受到夸奖；No one likes being laughed at in public. 没有人情愿当众被嘲笑；2. 动名词的句法功能1 作主语名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 26 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载动名词作主语表示抽象的概念,通常直接置于句首,有时先用 词置于句末；这种用法在习惯句型中常用；如：Climbing mountain

17、s is really fun. 爬山真好玩；it 作形式主语,把动名It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收； 谚语 2 作宾语 作动词的宾语；可接动名词作宾语的动词巧记如下：考虑建议盼原谅 consider ,suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon 承认推迟没得想 admit, delay/put off, fancy 防止错过连续练 avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise 否认完成停止赏 deny, finish, stop, enjoy/ap

18、preciate 不禁介意准逃亡 cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape 不准冒险凭想象 forbid, risk, imagine 作动词短语的宾语；可接动名词作宾语的动词短语有：think of,depend on ,set about,succeed in ,worry about,think about,give up ,put off,burst out,insist on ,cant stand, be/get used to,devote to,look forward to , pay attention to,get down to,obj

19、ect to,feel like,adapt to ,dream of 等；三、分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词；学习分词要留意下面两大问题：分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义；分词的句法功能；1 分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 26 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 形式时态意义学习好资料欢迎下载语态例句意义现一动作正在进行主动He stood on the street begging. 般或与主句谓语被动The building being built is a hospital. 式动词同时发生在分完动作

20、发生在主主动Having finished my homework, I went to 成句谓语动词之被动bed. 词Not having received a reply, he decided to 式前write again. Having been criticized many times, Jack didnt come any more. 形式时态意义语态例句意义一般动作正在进行或主动He stood on the street begging. 式与主句谓语动词被动The building being built is a hospital. 现 同时发生 在分完成动作发生在

21、主句主动Having finished my homework, I went 式谓语动词之前to bed. 词Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 被动 Having been criticized many times, Jack didnt come any more. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 26 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载留意：明白分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义,是正确懂得和使用分词的关键；形式时态意义语态例句意义过及物动动作

22、已完成主动I often heard the song sung. 词的过无时态意义被动spoken and written English 去分词去少数不 动作已完成 被动 fallen leaves 分the risen sun 对比 falling leaves 正在下及物动词落的叶子, the rising sun 正在升起的太词的过阳 去分词分词的时态意义和语态意义不同于谓语动词的时态和语态,非谓语的时态意义和语态意义都是相对而言的； 详细地说,非谓语动词的时态意义是和主句谓语动词相对而言,例如：假如分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生,就可能用现在分词一般式,假如是在主句谓语动词之前

23、发生, 就可能用现在分词完成式；而语态意义就和分词的规律主语有关,假如分词的动作与其规律主语是主动关系,就用现在分词, 假如与其规律主语是被动关系,就可能用现在分词的被动式,或过去分词；所谓的规律主语即句子中与分词形成规律关系的名词或代词；例如： 分词作状语和表语时,其规律主语就是句子的主语；分词作定语,其规律主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词；分词作宾语补足语,其规律主语就是句子的宾语；2 分词的句法功能1 作定语名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 26 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载Mike held a burning stick

24、and Tom carried a gun. The stick was burning. How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields that had been wasted .which Asia is the largest continent, covering one third of the earths land area covers . 分词短语作定语有时和它所修饰的名词或代词发生分隔开来的现象；There is a notice on the blackboard reading week. which

25、reads ”2 作表语 We were excited at the news. His shoes were old and worn. 3 作补语l be given next An examination wil包括宾语补足语和主语补足语；常用于 see, leave, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后以及 with 复合结构中；I saw Tom coming out of the house. No tricky words would move him. He kept his mouth tightly closed. We mu

26、stnt leave the work unfinished. He stood for some time with his hand still raised. 4 作状语分词作状语常表示时间、缘由、条件、方式、相伴或结果、附加说明等；名师归纳总结 Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school life. 时间状语 第 10 页,共 26 页Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday. 缘由状语 缘由状语 Not having done it as he told us to, we

27、 were scolded. Working hard, you will succeed. 条件状语 He came running all the way. 方式状语 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载The children headed towards school, followed by their dogs. 相伴状语 He dropped the plate, breaking it into hundreds of pieces. 结果状语 If the advertising fails, having no e

28、ffect on sales, the whole programme will be reviewed. 附加说明 留意：分词作结果状语往往表示意料中的结果,而不定式作结果状语就表示意料之外的结果；试比较：A terrible storm hit the area, causing great damage to the crops. He arrived to the station only to find the train had already left. 分词作状语时有时前面可加有连词；如：Once, while working on a new invention, Ediso

29、n made 8,000 tests without success. I wont go to his party unless invited. The beggar waited as if expecting more. 5 作插入语的分词独立结构分词作插入语的结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语；如：generally speaking 一般说来talking of speaking of 说到strictly speaking 严格地说judging from 从 判定all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into cons

30、ideration 全面看来Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看,他肯定是病了；名师归纳总结 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说,狗比猪跑得快；第 11 页,共 26 页speaking不是 dogs 的动作 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1 【误】学习好资料欢迎下载We dont allow to smoke in the lecture hall. 【正】We dont allow smoking in the lec

31、ture hall. 【正】We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture hall. 【解析】考查固定结构；allow doing sth.; allow sb. to do sth. 2 【误】She was the first person thinking of the idea. 【正】She was the first person to think of the idea. 【解析】当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时,此定语通常由不定式来充当；3 【误】The question being discussed at tomorrows

32、 meeting is a very important one. 【正】The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【解析】being discussed表示动作正在进行,而依据at tomorrows meeting可判断动作发生在将来,故用to be discussed表示；4 【误】This boy was seen come late this morning. 【正】This boy was seen to come late this morning. 【解析】see ,wa

33、tch 等动词转换为被动结构时,其后不定式一般需要带 to ；5 Ive been looking forward to hear from you. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 26 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 【答案】学习好资料欢迎下载hear 改为 hearing ；【解析】短语 look forward to中, to 为介词,所以应用动名词作宾语；6 He admitted to have stolen the car. 【答案】to have改为 having ；【解析】admit 后面跟动词的 -ing 形式作宾语；7 Thi

34、s is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 【答案】This 改为 It ；-ing 形式,只能用it ；【解析】作形式主语,代替动词的8 The flowers need being watered. 【答案】being watered 改为 watering 或者 to be watered；【解析】need, want, require 等动词的主语为物时,后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构,表示“ 需要被 ”；9 现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语；1 【误】I could see the house hav

35、ing been beautifully decorated. 【正】I could see the house beautifully decorated. 2 【误】The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 【正】The book written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 10 作状语的分词,其规律主语必需同句中主语为同一人或同一事,现在分词与其规律主名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 26 页精选学

36、习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载语有主动关系,而过去分词就与其规律主语有被动关系；1 【误】Having found the cause, the experiment continued. 【正】Having found the cause, they continued the experiment. Having foundAfter/When they had found 2 【误】Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 【正】Seen from the top of

37、 the hill, the city looks more beautiful. Seen When the city is seen 11非谓语的否定式中,not 必需放在非谓语的最前面；1 【误】Having not finished his homework, he didnt want to go to bed. 【正】Not having finished his homework, he didnt want to go to bed. 2 【误】Mother warns us to not play in the street. 【正】Mother warns us not t

38、o play in the street. 1 The book mainly deals with the trouble students might have _ right from wrong. Adistinguishing Bdistinguished ,只不过此题中的trouble提Cto distinguish Dto be distinguished 【解析】A考查固定搭配have trouble in doing sth.到前面作先行词了；2. _ of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it.

39、名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 26 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - AConvinced 学习好资料欢迎下载BConvincing CTo convince DHaving convinced 【解析】A 动词 convince 表示 “ 使 确信 ”；be convinced of sth. 确信 ,信任 ”；此处用过去分词作状语；3 Be careful. Dont forget you are on a ladder. But you are holding it for me, nothing _ . Aworry about Bto w

40、orry about Cis worried about Dworrying about 【解析】B 考查非谓语动词；“当心点；别忘了你在梯子上；” “但是你扶着呢,没什么可担忧的； ”不定式 to worry about 作后置定语；4 He looked at me, with an expression _ that he felt even more puzzled. Aindicate Bindicates Cindicating Dindicated 【解析】C with an expression indicating 为 with 复合结构,其中 an expression为规

41、律主语, indicate 与这个规律主语之间有主动关系,故用现在分词；5Your cousin is said _ a new computer programme recently, but do you know when he will finish it. 名师归纳总结 Ato design Bto be designing 第 15 页,共 26 页Cto have been designing D to have designed 【解析】C此题考查不定式的用法；句意为：你的堂兄最近始终在设计一组电脑程- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学

42、习好资料欢迎下载recently可知,设计程序序,你知道他什么时候完成吗？sb be said to do为固定用法,由是从过去始终连续到现在的动作,应用to have been doing结构；6 When John came to himself, he found himself _ in the hospital, but he didnt know how that had come _. Astaying; around Blying; about ；come about意为 “发生,产Clied; across Dlying; into being 【解析】Bfind himself lying发觉他自己正躺在生”；7 He claimed _ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. Abeing badly treated Btreating badly Cto be treated badly Dto have been badly treated 【答案】D 8 Why are the student