某公司经济管理学与财务知识分析政策.pptx
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1、Public Goods and Common Resources公共物品和共有资源公共物品和共有资源 Chapter 11Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.“The best things in life are free.”Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysisMost goods in our economy are allocated in marketsfor these goods,prices ar
2、e the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.“生活中最好的东西就是免费的生活中最好的东西就是免费的”免费物品向经济分析提出了特殊的挑免费物品向经济分析提出了特殊的挑战。战。在我们的经济中,大部分物品是在市在我们的经济中,大部分物品是在市场中配置的。场中配置的。对这些物品来说,价格是引导买者对这些物品来说,价格是引导买者和卖者决策的信号。和卖者决策的信号。Harcourt,Inc.it
3、ems and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.“The best things in life are free.”“生活中最好的东西就是免费的生活中最好的东西就是免费的”When goods are available free of charge,the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent.当一些物品可以免费得到时,在正常情当一些物品可以免费得到时,在正常情况下,经济中配置资源的市场力量就不况下,经济中配置资源的市场力量就
4、不存在了。存在了。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.“The best things in life are free.”“生活中最好的东西就是免费的生活中最好的东西就是免费的”When a good does not have a price attached to it,private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts.当一种物品没有价格时,私人市场就不能当一
5、种物品没有价格时,私人市场就不能保证该物品生产和消费的适当数量。保证该物品生产和消费的适当数量。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.“The best things in life are free.”“生活中最好的东西就是免费的生活中最好的东西就是免费的”In such cases,government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results,and raise economic well-being.在上述情
6、况下,政府政策可以潜在地在上述情况下,政府政策可以潜在地解决市场失灵,并增进经济福利。解决市场失灵,并增进经济福利。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Different Kinds of GoodsWhen thinking about the various goods in the economy,it is useful to group them according to two characteristics:u Is the good excludable?u Is the
7、 good rival?Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.不同类型的物品不同类型的物品在考虑经济中的各种物品时,根据两在考虑经济中的各种物品时,根据两个特点来对物品分类是有用的个特点来对物品分类是有用的:u 物品有排他性吗?物品有排他性吗?u 物品有竞争性吗物品有竞争性吗?Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Different Kinds of Goods不同类型的物品不同类型的物品uE
8、xcludability 排他性排他性uPeople can be prevented from enjoying the good.可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性uLaws recognize and enforce private property rights.法律承认并对私人产权进行保护。法律承认并对私人产权进行保护。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Different Kinds of Goods不同类型的物品不同类型的物品u
9、 Rivalness 竞争性竞争性uOne persons use of the good diminishes another persons enjoyment of it.一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性。该物品的特性。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Four Types of Goods四种物品四种物品uPrivate Goods 私人物品私人物品uPublic Goods 公共物品公共物品uCommon Resources 共有资源共
10、有资源uNatural Monopolies 自然垄断自然垄断Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Types of Goods 物品的类型物品的类型uPrivate Goods 私人物品私人物品uAre both excludable and rival.既有排他性又有竞争性。既有排他性又有竞争性。uPublic Goods 公共物品公共物品uAre neither excludable nor rival.既无排他性又无竞争性。既无排他性又无竞争性。Harcourt,Inc.items and
11、 derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Types of Goods 物品的类型物品的类型uCommon Resources 共有资源共有资源uAre rival but not excludable.有竞争性但无排他性。有竞争性但无排他性。uNatural Monopolies 自然垄断自然垄断uAre excludable but not rival.有排他性但无竞争性。有排他性但无竞争性。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Four Ty
12、pes of Goods Rival?Yes NoYes Private Goods Ice-cream cones Clothing Congested toll roads Natural Monopolies Fire protection Cable TV Uncongested toll roads No Common Resources Fish in the ocean The environment Congested nontoll roads Public Goods National defense Knowledge Uncongested nontoll roads
13、Excludable?Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.四种物品类型四种物品类型 竞争性竞争性是是 否否是是 私人物品私人物品 冰激凌-衣服 拥挤的收费道路 自然垄断自然垄断 消防 有线电视 不拥挤的收费道路 否否 共有资源共有资源 海洋中的鱼 环境 拥挤的不收费道路 公共物品公共物品 国防 知识 不拥挤的不收费道路 排他性排他性Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Public GoodsnGo
14、ods that are not excludable and,therefore,are available to everyone free of charge.Externalities arise because something of value has no price attached to it.People receive benefits without having to compensate anyone for the use of scarce resources.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 200
15、1 by Harcourt,Inc.公共物品公共物品n每个人都可以免费得到不具有排他每个人都可以免费得到不具有排他性的物品。性的物品。因为具有价值的东西没有相应的市场价因为具有价值的东西没有相应的市场价格,从而导致了外部性。格,从而导致了外部性。人们从使用稀缺资源中得到利益而不必人们从使用稀缺资源中得到利益而不必向任何人进行支付。向任何人进行支付。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Free-Rider Problem搭便车问题搭便车问题A free-rider is a person
16、who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.搭便车者搭便车者得到一种物品的利益得到一种物品的利益但避开为此支付的人。但避开为此支付的人。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Free-Rider ProblemuSince people cannot be excluded from enjoying the benefits of a public good,individuals may withhold pa
17、ying for the good hoping that others will pay for it.uThe free-rider problem prevents private markets from supplying public goods.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.搭便车问题搭便车问题u因为不能排除个人从公共物品中享受利因为不能排除个人从公共物品中享受利益,所以他们不愿意自己支付成本,而益,所以他们不愿意自己支付成本,而希望他人支付。希望他人支付。u搭便车者问题排除
18、了私人市场提供公共搭便车者问题排除了私人市场提供公共物品。物品。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Solving the Free-Rider ProblemuThe government can decide to provide the public good if the total benefits exceed the costs.uThe government can make everyone better off by providing the public good and
19、 paying for it with tax revenue.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.解决搭便车问题解决搭便车问题u如果政府确信,总利益大于总成本,如果政府确信,总利益大于总成本,它就可以提供公共物品。它就可以提供公共物品。u政府提供公共物品,并用税收为它支政府提供公共物品,并用税收为它支付,这样可以使每个人的状况变好。付,这样可以使每个人的状况变好。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,In
20、c.Some Important Public Goods一些重要公共物品一些重要公共物品uNational Defense 国防国防uBasic Research 基础研究基础研究uPrograms to Fight Poverty 反贫困项目反贫困项目Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Are Lighthouses Public Goods?灯塔是公共物品吗?灯塔是公共物品吗?Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Ha
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