2022年高中英语非谓语动词讲解3.docx
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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 非谓语动词非谓语动词包括不定式 to do 、动名词 ing 、现在分词 ing 与过去分词 ed;它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在句子中不能充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有时态和语态的变化;对比项目 形式 动词不定式to do 动名词 doing 现在分词 doing 过去分词 done 相当于名词、形 相当于名词, 指常常性、相当于形容词、副词,相当于形容词、副词,本身意义 容词、副词,往往有将来意味 习惯性的动作 往往有现在意味 兼有被动、完成意义主语、宾语、表主语、宾语、表语、定 表语、宾补、定语、状充当句子成分 语、宾补、定语
2、、语 语 表语、宾补、定语、状语状语主动一般式 to do doing doing done 被动式 to be done being done being done 形式主动完成式 to have done having done having done 被动完成式 to have been done having been done having been done 否定式 在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加 not 动词不定式定义: 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语;一般式主动形式to be done
3、 被动形式to do 完成式to have done to have been done 进行式to be doing 无完成进行式to have been doing 无一、不定式的意义1. 不定式的一般式:一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后;当不定式的规律主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承担者时,不定式一般要用被动式 to be done. eg: He seemed to be tired. The building to be finished next month is for our teachers. 2. 不定式的进行式:进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓
4、语的动作同时发生;e.g. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world. 3. 不定式的完成式:假如不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前,就用完成式;如是在此基础上的被动含义,就用完成被动式 to have been done. e.g. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March. He is said to have been taught French when he was a child. 4. 不定
5、式的完成进行式:假如不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前始终在进行或有可能连续进行的动作,就要用完成进行式 . eg: Were happy to have been working with the experts all the month. 二、不定式的用法:1. 不定式做主语 :不定式做主语一般表示详细的某次动作;而动名词1不定式作主语时 ,谓语用单数 To do such things is foolish. 2)主系表结构 To see is to believe. doing 表示习惯的,常常的动作;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 -
6、- - - - - - - - 3it 形式主语;当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用 常用于以下结构中:it 做形式主语,将不定式放到谓语的后面;1It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do(如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish)2It is +adj.+for sb.+to do(如 easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary)3It is +a/an + 名词 + to do.(如 a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /ones duty
7、/ an honor 4It takes sb. some time / courage / patience to do 5It requires courage / patience / hard work to do2. 不定式做表语:不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态;3. 动词不定式作宾语:ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish 等只能用动词不
8、定式作宾语*留意 :1 某些及物动词可用-ing 也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同 stop/ go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean2 某些及物动词 think, believe, consider, feel, find, make 等后常用 it 作形式宾语4动词不定式做定语:当不定式的规律主语是句子的主语时,要用主动表被动;I. 不定式作定语需要后置;II. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的规律关系,即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的规律主语(规律上的主谓关系)或规律宾语(规律上的动宾关系)或修饰性关系(同位关系);5. 宾语
9、补足语 : eg: He wants you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street. 注 1 假如谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词,就作宾补的不定式不行带to,这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let 等;但假如句子是被动语态,就to 不行省略;eg. He was made to clean the windows as a punishment. Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 注 2 help 后可以直接用带 to 或不带
10、 to 的不定式作宾语;6. 不定式做状语 : 不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示目的、缘由、结果、条件等,其规律主语就是句子的主语;e.g. To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best. 主语一样 I rushed to the airport, only to find that John had gone. 7. 同位语 : e.g. Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished. 8. 独立成分 : e.g. To tell you the truth, I do
11、nt like you. 类似的有: to be frank 坦率地说, to cut a long story short 长话短说,等等三、不定式的否定式:通常是在不定式前加not,表示较强的否定意义时可用never;e.g. I told him not to touch the equipment. 四、 动词不定式的“ 省略”1、不定式省 to You must promise never to do that again. 1) 在 had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than (宁愿 而不) , ca
12、nnot but(不得不、只好), why not 等结构后面的不定式符号to 通常被省略;,不定式符号to 通 2) 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides 的宾语 ,且介词之前有行为动词do 或它的其它形式时常被省略;3) 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to 通常被省略 ;假如表示对比关系,就不定式中的不定式符号to 通常要保留;eg: They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop. 对比关系 他们没有告知我是连续下去仍是停止;She told the child to stay ther
13、e and wait till she came back. 并列关系 她让孩子待在那里等她回来;4) 在某些感官动词或使役动词如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make 等之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中,不定式符号to 总是被省略 ,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to 通常要保留;2、不定式省do 留 to 1) 为了防止重复 ,在 hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, us
14、ed to, ought to 等动词及习语后面显现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略;2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - e.g. Ms King lied to us because she had to. 留意:在特定的上下文中 ,为了防止重复 ,假如不定式为一般式 to be.或完成式 to have done 时,就不定式符号 to 和 be或 have 常一并保留 ,be 或 have 之后的部分通常要省略;如 : Arent you the headmaster. 你莫非不是
15、校长吗 . No, and I dont want to be. 我不是 ,而且我也不想当;Hasnt he finished writing the report. 莫非他仍没写完报告吗 . No, but he ought to have. 是的 ,但他原来应当写完;2) 当不定式在 ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg 等动词后面充当宾语补足语时 ,为了防止重复 ,常保留不定式符号 ,而把后面的动词省略;She wants to come but her parents w
16、ont allow her to. If he doesnt want to go there, dont force him to. He didn t come, though we had invited him to. 动词-ing 形式的要点1-ing 的形式2.-ing 形式的基本用法1作主语: Seeing is believing. 眼见为实;2作表语: Her job is washing and cooking. 3作宾语:作及物动词的宾语;She likes drawing very much. 作某些短语动词的宾语;Mary is thinking of going b
17、ack to New York. do限定词 my, some, any, the 等v.-ing,表示 “做 事”之意,如:do some cleaning 打扫卫生 do some shopping 购物作介词的宾语:Her sister is good at learning physics. 作形容词 worth, busy 等的宾语: This book is well worth reading. 4作定语: The sleeping child is only five years old. 5作宾语补足语:We can see steam rising from the wet
18、 clothes. 可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有 see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep 等;6作状语:时间状语:Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时,其前一般可加 when 或 while ,如: When crossing street, you must be careful. 缘由状语: Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 方式或相伴状语:Mary stood at the school
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