2022年高考英语复习讲解——介词及介词短语.docx
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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高考英语一轮复习讲解:介词及介词短语【学问要点】介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词;1.介词可按其构成分为:(1)简洁介词,即一个介词,如about,at,in,of,since 等;(2)复合介词,由两个介词组成,如as for,as to,out of 等;如 from under ,from behind ,until after ,(3)二重介词, 由两个介词搭配而成,但没有复合介词那样固定,except in 等;(4)短语介词,由短语构成,如according to,because of,in spite of ,on behalf of
2、,with reference to等;(5)分词介词,由现在分词构成,如regarding,concerning ,including 等;2.介词仍可按其词义分为以下常见的几种:(1)表地点(包括动向) ,如 about,above, across, after,along, among,around,at,before,behind, below, beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into ,near,off ,on,over,through,throughout ,to,towards,under,up,upon,with ,
3、within ,without 等;注 有不少表地点的介词可表动向,除很明显的across,around,over,towards,near 外,仍有 among,behind,beneath, between, on,to,under 等;(2)表时间,如 about,after, around,as,at,before,behind,between,by, during ,for,from, in ,into, of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout , till (until ),to,towards, within 等;(3)表除去,如 bes
4、ides,but,except 等;(4)表比较,如 as,like, above,over 等;(5)表反对,如 against,with 等;(6)表缘由、目的,如 for, with ,from 等;(7)表结果,如 to,with ,without 等;(8)表手段、方式,如 by,in,with 等;(9)表所属,如 of,with 等;(10)表条件,如 on, without ,considering 等;(11)表让步,如 despite, in spite of 等;(12)表关于,如 about,concerning,regarding,with regard to , a
5、s for,as to 等;1 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - (13)表对于,如 to,for ,over,at,with 等;(14)表依据,如 on, according to 等;(15)表其他,如 for(赞成),without (没有)等;(一)介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必需与名词、代词、 或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、大事等与其它人、物、大事等之间的关系;1、作定语: The book on the table is mine. 2、作状语: We have
6、 breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表缘由);They started the machine by pressing the button. (表方法)3、作表语: My dictionary 中学 is in the bag. 4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office. (二)主要介词区分1、表示时间的 at, in, on :at 表示片刻的时间, 如:at 8 oclock,常用词组有: at noon, at night, at mi
7、dnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等; in 表示一段的时间,如: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future 等;on 总是跟日子有关,on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day,
8、 on a warm morning 等;2、表示时间的 since 和 from :since 表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用;from表示从时间的某一点开头,不涉及与现在的关系;一般多与现在时、过去时、 将来时连用; 如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995. 3、表示时间的 in 和 after :两者都表示“ 在(某个时间)之后,区分在于 in 表示“ 在(一段时间)之后” ,而 after 就表示“ 在(某一详细时间点之后)” ,in
9、短语和将来时态连用,after 短语和过去时态或将来时态连用;如:Well be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation. 留意: after 有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里);如: After two months he returned. 4、表示地理位置的in, on, to :in 表示在某范畴内,on 指与什么毗邻,to 指在某环境范畴之外;如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./ M
10、ongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China. 5、表示“ 在 上”的 on 和 in :on 只表示在某物的表面上,而用 in 表示占去某物一部分;如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall. 6、表示“ 穿过 ” 的 through 和 across:through 表示从内部通过,与 in 有关; across 就
11、表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与 on 有关;如:Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street. 2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corner 表示在角落里, in 指角的内面; on the corner表示“ 在角上”,on 指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner 指“ 在拐角
12、处”, at 指的是拐角外邻近的外面;如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table. 8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end 作“ 最终” 、“ 最终” 解,可单独使用,后不接介词 of;at the end of 表示“ 在 末梢”,“ 到 终点”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体;不行单独使用;by the end of 作“ 在 终止时
13、”,“ 到 末为止”解,只能指时间; 不行单独使用; 如:In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel. 9、表示“ 关于” 的 about 和 on:两者都有“ 关于” 的意思,不过前者为一般用词,而后者为较正式的“ 论
14、述” ;如: He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science. 10、between, among :一般说来, between 表示两者之间,among 用于三者或三者以上的中间;如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates. 留意: 但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,假如强调的是两两相互间接关系,适用于 between;如: Agreements were made
15、 between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用between;如:The little valley lies between high mountains.;在谈事物间的差别时,总是用 between;如: They dont know the difference between wheat, oats and barley. 11、besides, except, but, except for :besides指“ 除了 仍有, 再加上” ;如:All went out besides me. ;except 指“
16、 除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首;如:All went out except me. ;but 与 except 意思近似,表示“ 除了 外” 常常用在 no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything 等和其他疑问词后面;如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper. ;except for 表示“ 如无 就, 只是” 说明理由细节; 如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes. ;12、表示“ 用” 的 in 和 with :表示工具的“
17、用”,用 with ,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“ 用”,用 in;如: He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English. 13、in charge of 和 in the charge of : 两者都表示“ 由谁负责、照料、治理”;区分在于: in charge of后接被照管的人或物,而 in the c
18、harge of 后面就跟照管的人;如:Who is in charge of the project./ The project is in the charge of an engineer.;14、as, like :as作“ 作为” 、“ 以 位置或身份” 解;如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲); like 作“ 象 一样” 解;如:Let me speak to you like a father. (事实上不是父亲) ;15、in front of 和 in the front of:in front of = before ,是“
19、在 前面”的意思 (不在某物内) ; in the 3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - front of 就是“ 在 前部”的意思 (在某物内) ;如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car. ;16、in, into :into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置;如:We walked into the park. ;in 通常表示位置;如:We walked in the park ;in 和
20、 drop, fall, put, throw, break 等终止性动词连用时, 也可以表示动向; 如:I have put the coin in into my pocket. 我把硬币放进衣袋;复习时需留意的要点 1、介词一般放在名词之前,但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词或者关系代词时,这些词提 到了前面而只剩下介词在后了;2、 介词和动词、形容词、名词等常常构成固定搭配,也就是说,在这些词的后面常常要求用肯定的 介词;这一点在学习时要特殊留意;如:a. 动词 +介词: laugh at, wait for +介词: be good at, be proud of b. 形容词、
21、过去分词 c 名词 +介词: pay a visit to , the key to 3、 表示挑选关系的连词,连接的双方只取其一;常用连词有 例如:a You can go to Beijing either today or tomorrow. or, either.or, otherwise b You must get up early or you wont catch the early bus.4、 表示转折关系,连接的双方构成对比,意义上有转折;常用连词有例如:a His brother is fond of football while he likes basketball
22、. b You can watch TV, but you must finish your homework first. but, however, while, only 5、 表示联合关系,联合的双方是对等的,意义上趋向一样;常用连词有:and, both.and, neither.nor, not only.but also, as well as To study English well, we need both diligence and careful. That horse is not only the youngest among the five, but also
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