2023年GRE阅读真题答案加粗版.doc

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1、GRE: No. 7-3 A1Of Homers two epic poems, the Odyssey has always been more popular thanthe Iliad, perhaps because it includes more features of mythology that areaccessible to readers. Its subject (to use Maynard Macks categories) is “life-as-spectacle,” for readers, diverted by its various incidents,

2、 observe its heroOdysseus primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience”: readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whosemotivations render him a not particularly likable hero. In addition, the Iliad, morethan the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of t

3、he gods involvement in humanactions, and to the extent that modern readers find this complexity a needlesscomplication, the Iliad is less satisfying than the Odyssey, with its simpler schemeof divine justice. Finally, since the Iliad presents a historically verifiable action,Troys siege, the poem ra

4、ises historical questions that are absent from theOdysseys blithely imaginative world.17. The author uses Macks “categories” (lines 4-5) most probably in order to(A) argue that the Iliad should replace the Odyssey as the more popularpoem(B) indicate Macks importance as a commentator on the Iliad and

5、 theOdyssey(C)suggest one way in which the Iliad and the Odyssey can bedistinguished(D) point out some of the difficulties faced by readers of the Iliad and theOdyssey(E) demonstrate that the Iliad and the Odyssey can best be distinguishedby comparing their respective heroes18. The author suggests t

6、hat the variety of incidents in the Odyssey is likely todeter the reader from(A) concentrating on the poems mythological features(B)concentrating on the psychological states of the poems centralcharacter(C) accepting the explanation that have been offered for the poemspopularity(D) accepting the poe

7、ms scheme of divine justice(E) accepting Maynard Macks theory that the poems subject is “life-as-spectacle”19. The passage is primarily concerned with(A) distinguishing arguments(B) applying classifications(C) initiating a debate(D) resolving a dispute(E)developing a contrast20. It can be inferred f

8、rom the passage that a reader of the Iliad is likely tohave trouble identifying with the poems hero for which of the followingreasons?(A) The hero is eventually revealed to be unheroic.(B) The hero can be observed by the reader only from without.(C) The heros psychology is not historically verifiabl

9、e.(D)The heros emotions often do not seem appealing to the reader.(E) The heros emotions are not sufficiently various to engage the readersattention.GRE: No. 7-3 A22023-05-21 20:23Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few vertebrates that lackapproximate bilateral symmetry (symmetry in which

10、 structures to the left andright of the bodys midline are mirror images). Most striking among the manyasymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity oneeye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of thehead. While in most species with asymmet

11、ries virtually all adults share the sameasymmetry, members of the starry flounder species can be either left-eyed (botheyes on the left side of head) or right-eyed. In the waters between the UnitedStates and Japan, the starry flounder populations vary from about 50 percent left-eyed off the United S

12、tates West Coast, through about 70 percent left-eyed halfwaybetween the United States and Japan, to nearly 100 percent left-eyed off theJapanese coast.Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a certain geographic range a“cline” and interpret clines as strong indications that the variation

13、 is adaptive, aresponse to environmental differences. For the starry flounder this interpretationimplies that a geometric difference (between fish that are mirror images of oneanother) is adaptive, that left-eyedness in the Japanese starry flounder has beenselected for, which provokes a perplexing q

14、uestions: what is the selectiveadvantage in having both eyes on one side rather than on the other?The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eyeasymmetry simply by turning around has caused biologists to study internalanatomy, especially the optic nerves, for the answe

15、r. In all flatfish the optic nervescross, so that the right optic nerve is joined to the brains left side and vice versa.This crossing introduces an asymmetry, as one optic nerve must cross above orbelow the other. G. H. Parker reasoned that if, for example, a flatfishs left eyemigrated when the rig

16、ht optic nerve was on top, there would be a twisting ofnerves, which might be mechanically disadvantageous. For starry flounders, then,the left-eyed variety would be selected against, since in a starry flounder the leftoptic nerve is uppermost.The problem with the above explanation is that the Japan

17、ese starry flounderpopulation is almost exclusively left-eyed, an natural selection never promotes apurely less advantageous variation. As other explanations proved equallyuntenable, biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive differencebetween left-eyedness and right-eyedness, and that

18、 the two characteristics aregenetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic. Thissituation is one commonly encountered by evolutionary biologists, who must oftendecide whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral. As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfi

19、sh, their difference, however striking, appears to be anevolutionary red herring.21. According to the passage, starry flounder differ from most other species offlatfish in that starry flounder(A) are not basically bilaterally symmetric(B) do not become asymmetric until adulthood(C)do not all share t

20、he same asymmetry(D) have both eyes on the same side of the head(E) tend to cluster in only certain geographic regions22. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the followingstatements about left-eyedness and right-eyedness in the starry flounder?I. They are adaptive variations by th

21、e starry flounder to environmentaldifferences.II. They do not seem to give obvious selective advantages to the starryflounder.III. They occur in different proportions in different locations.(A) I only(B) II only(C) I and III only(D)II and III only(E) I, II, and III23. According to the passage, a pos

22、sible disadvantage associated with eyemigration in flatfish is that the optic nerves can(A) adhere to one another(B) detach from the eyes(C) cross(D) stretch(E)twist24. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage as awhole?(A)A phenomenon is described and an interpretation

23、presented andrejected.(B) A generalization is made and supporting evidence is supplied andntradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and thenmodified.(D) A series of observations is presented and explained in terms of thedominant theory.(E) A hypothesis is introduced and corroborated in the

24、light of newevidence.25. The passage supplies information for answering which of the followingquestions?(A) Why are Japanese starry flounder mostly left-eyed?(B)Why should the eye-sidedness in starry flounder be consideredselectively neutral?(C) Why have biologists recently become interested in whet

25、her acharacteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral?(D) How do the eyes in flatfish migrate?(E) How did Parker make his discoveries about the anatomy of opticnerves in flatfish?26. Which of the following is most clearly similar to a cline as it is described inthe second paragraph of the passage?(

26、A) A vegetable market in which the various items are grouped accordingto place of origin(B) A wheat field in which different varieties of wheat are planted to yielda crop that will bring the maximum profit(C) A flower stall in which the various species of flowers are arrangedaccording to their price

27、(D)A housing development in which the length of the front strutssupporting the porch of each house increases as houses are built upthe hill(E) A national park in which the ranger stations are placed so as to beinconspicuous, and yet as easily accessible as possible27. Which of the following phrases

28、from the passage best expresses theauthors conclusion about the meaning of the difference between left-eyedand right-eyed flatfish?(A) “Most striking” (line 4)(B) “variation is adaptive” (line 19)(C) “mechanically disadvantageous” (lines 3738)(D) “adaptively significant” (lines 48-49)(E)“evolutionar

29、y red herring” (line 54)GRE: No. 8-2 B12023-05-19 18:03The social sciences are less likely than other intellectual enterprises to getcredit for their accomplishments. Arguably, this is so because the theories andconceptual constructs of the social sciences are especially accessible: humanintelligenc

30、e apprehends truths about human affairs with particular facility. Andthe discoveries of the social sciences, once isolated and labeled, are quicklyabsorbed into conventional wisdom, whereupon they lose their distinctiveness asscientific advances.This underappreciation of the social sciences contrast

31、s oddly with what manysee as their overutilization. Game theory is pressed into service in studies ofshifting international alliances. Evaluation research is called upon to demonstratesuccesses or failures of social programs. Models from economics and demographybecome the definitive tools for examin

32、ing the financial base of social security. Yetthis rush into practical applications is itself quite understandable: public policymust continually be made, and policymakers rightly feel that even tentativefindings and untested theories are better guides to decision-making than nofindings and no theor

33、ies at all.17. The author is primarily concerned with(A) advocating a more modest view, and less widespread utilization, of the(B) analyzing the mechanisms for translating discoveries into applicationsin the social sciences(C) dissolving the air of paradox inherent in human beings studyingthemselves

34、(D)explaining a peculiar dilemma that the social sciences are in(E) maintaining a strict separation between pure and applied socialscience18. Which of the following is a social science discipline that the authormentions as being possibly overutilized?(A) Conventional theories of social change(B)Game

35、 theory(C) Decision-making theory(D) Economic theories of international alliances(E) Systems analysis19. It can be inferred from the passage that, when speaking of the“overutilization” (line 11) of the social sciences, the author is referring tothe(A)premature practical application of social science

36、 advances(B) habitual reliance on the social sciences even where common sensewould serve equally well(C) practice of bringing a greater variety of social science disciplines tobear on a problem than the nature of the problem warrants(D) use of social science constructs by people who do not fully und

37、erstandthem(E) tendency on the part of social scientists to recast everyday truths insocial science jargon20. The author confronts the claim that the social sciences are beingoverutilized with(A) proof that overextensions of social science results are self-correcting(B) evidence that some public pol

38、icy is made without any recourse tosocial science findings or theories(C) a long list of social science applications that are perfectly appropriateand extremely fruitful(D) the argument that overutilization is by and large the exception ratherthan the rule(E)the observation that this practice repres

39、ents the lesser of two evilsunder existing circumstancesGRE: No. 9-1 A12023-05-18 19:02Many critics of Emily Brontes novel Wuthering Heights see its second part asa counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a“romantic” reading receives more confirmation. Seeing the

40、 two parts as a whole isencouraged by the novels sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use ofnarrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence of these elements need notargue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that ofHenry James, their presence does encoura

41、ge attempts to unify the novelsheterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of thenovels diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is notbecause such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidityin any interpretation of this or

42、of any novel is always a danger), but becauseWuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately,resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. In this respect, WutheringHeights shares a feature of Hamlet.17. According to the passage, which of the following is a

43、 true statement aboutthe first and second parts of Wuthering Heights?(A) The second part has received more attention from critics.(B) The second part has little relation to the first part.(C) The second part annuls the force of the first part.(D)The second part provides less substantiation for a “ro

44、mantic” reading.(E) The second part is better because it is more realistic.18. Which of the following inferences about Henry Jamess awareness ofnovelistic construction is best supported by the passage?(A) James, more than any other novelist, was aware of the difficulties ofnovelistic construction.(B

45、)James was very aware of the details of novelistic construction.(C) Jamess awareness of novelistic construction derived from his readingof Bronte.(D) Jamess awareness of novelistic construction has led mostcommentators to see unity in his individual novels.(E) Jamess awareness of novelistic construc

46、tion precluded him fromviolating the unity of his novels.19. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that aninterpretation of a novel should(A) not try to unite heterogeneous elements in the novel(B)not be inflexible in its treatment of the elements in the novel(C) not argue that the

47、 complex use of narrators or of time shifts indicatesa sophisticated structure(D) concentrate on those recalcitrant elements of the novel that areoutside the novels main structure(E) primarily consider those elements of novelistic construction of whichthe author of the novel was aware20. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about Hamlet?I. Hamlet has usually attracted critical interpretations that tend tostiffen into theses.II. Hamlet has elements that are not amenable to an all-encompassingcritical interpretation.III. Ham