财务会计-01-第一章(42页PPT).pptx
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1、工商管理核心课程夏冬林夏冬林 主编主编会会 计计 学学corporate governance and accountingAccounting and Economics share some common basic assumptions:First level:scarcity of resources,complexity and uncertainty of environment,economic men with bounded rationality Second level:information incompleteness and asymmetry,opportuni
2、stic behavior tendency(different utility functions,externality of behavior),positive transaction cost Result:incomplete contracts The Nature of the Firm:Jensen&Meckling(1976)the nexus of a set of contracts between owners of production factors,a legal fictioncorporate governance and accountingThe Own
3、ership of the Firm:residual control rights claim to firms residue Agency problem:1.principal(information disadvantage)and agent(information advantage):observability of agents action,risk preference 2.adverse selection and moral hazard ex ante information asymmetry ex ante opportunistic behavior ex p
4、ost information asymmetry ex post opportunistic behavior ex ante i.e.pre-contract,ex post i.e.post-contract*ex ante opportunistic behavior i.e.adverse selection:screening,signalling,how to induce candidates tell the truth,cost of signal is so high that others can not to reproduce *ex post opportunis
5、tic behavior i.e.moral hazard:-monitor:social,law,market(market for corporate control,managerial labor market,competitive product and service market,creditors monitor,large shareholders etc.)-incentive:pecuniary incentive(salary,bonus,restricted stock,stock option,stock appreciation right,phantom st
6、ock,long-term performance plan etc.);non-pecuniary incentive(control,reputation,self-satisfaction etc.)corporate governance and accounting3.agency cost-monitoring costs,bonding costs,residue losses*Corporate Governance and Accounting 1.the concrete arrangement of the ownership of the firm 2.a set of
7、 institutional arrangement with the intent to alleviate agency problem in the firm(focus on shareholders&management)naturally,creditors also face agency problems 3.the core of corporate governance:information asymmetry3.the core of corporate governance:information asymmetry 4.external corporate gove
8、rnance:market-based;internal corporate governance:surrounding board of directors and management 5.the role of accounting:production and presentation of information5.the role of accounting:production and presentation of information (mainly in terms of money)(mainly in terms of money):6.reporting to e
9、xternal and internal interested parties:financial accounting and management accounting corporate governance and accountingThe role and value of information Business state of nature initial judgment revised judgment information decisions and actions Y:event which decision maker is making judgment,for
10、 instance,the investment value of common share of A company X:information,for example,P/E ratio or M/B ratio Pr(Y):probability of Y Pr(Y/X):given X,the probability of Y the value of information is|Pr(Y)-Pr(Y/X)|.classification of information:mean-shifting information or variance-shifting information
11、 or bothcorporate governance and accountingFrom the perspective of shareholders,what they want to do with information?1.equity valuation and make buy-sale-hold decisions:find undervalued shares and buy or hold them,find overpriced shares and sell them DDM,DCFM,EBOM 2.performance evaluation and vote
12、for or against incumbent management shareholders value/wealth creation:firms residue(R)*为什么我们总是比别人钱少?一 一条猎狗将兔子赶出了窝,一直追赶他,追了很久仍没有捉到。牧羊犬看到此种情景,讥笑猎狗说“你们两个之间小的反而跑得快得多。”猎狗回答说:“你不知道我们两个的跑是完全不同的!我仅仅为了一顿饭而跑,他却是为了性命而跑呀!(目标)二 这话被猎人听到了,猎人想:猎狗说的对啊,那我要想得到更多的猎物,得想个好法子。于是,猎人又买来几条猎狗,凡是能够在打猎中捉到兔子的,就可以得到几根骨头,捉不到的就没有饭
13、吃.这一招果然有用,猎狗们纷纷去努力追兔子,因为谁都不愿意看着别人有骨头吃,自已没的吃。就这样过了一段时间,问题又出现了。大兔子非常难捉到,小兔子好捉。但捉到大兔子得到的奖赏和捉到小兔子得到的骨头差不多,猎狗们善于观察,发现了这个窍门,专门去捉小兔子。慢慢的,大家都发现了这个窍门。猎人对猎狗说:最近你们捉的兔子越来越小了,为什么?猎狗们说:反正没有什么大的区别,为什么费那么大的劲去捉那些大的呢?corporate governance and accounting 三 猎人经过思考后,决定不将分得骨头的数量与是否捉到兔子挂钩,而是采用每过一段时间,就统计一次猎狗捉到兔子的总重量。按照重量来评价
14、猎狗,决定一段时间内的待遇。于是猎狗们捉到兔子的数量和重量都增加了。猎人很开心。但是过了一段时间,猎人发现,猎狗们捉兔子的数量又少了,而且越有经验的猎狗,捉兔子的数量下降的就越利害。于是猎人又去问猎狗。猎狗说“我们把最好的时间都奉献给了您,主人,但是我们随着时间的推移会老,当我们捉不到兔子的时候,您还会给我们骨头吃吗?”四 猎人做了论功行赏的决定.分析与汇总了所有猎狗捉到兔子的数量与重量,规定如果捉到的兔子超过了一定的数量后,即使捉不到兔子,每顿饭也可以得到一定数量的骨头。猎狗们都很高兴,大家都努力去达到猎人规定的数量.一段时间过后,终于有一些猎狗达到了猎人规定的数量。这时,其中有一只猎狗说:
15、“我们这么努力,只得到几根骨头,而我们捉的猎物远远超过了这几根骨头。我们为什么不能给自己捉兔子呢?”于是,有些猎狗离开了猎人,自己捉兔子去了。五 猎人意识到猎狗正在流失,并且那些流失的猎狗像野狗一般和自己的猎狗抢兔子。情况变得越来越糟,猎人不得已引诱了一条野狗,问他到底野狗比猎狗强在那里。野狗说:“猎狗吃的是骨头,吐出来的是肉啊!”,接着又道:“也不是所有的野狗都顿顿有肉吃,大部分最后骨头都没的舔!不然也不至于被你诱惑。”于是猎人进行了改革,使得每条猎狗除基本骨头外,可获得其所猎兔肉总量的n%,而且随着服务时间加长,贡献变大,该比例还可递增,并有权分享猎人总兔肉的m%。就这样,猎狗们与猎人一起
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