某公司税收管理代价与财务知识分析(49页PPT).pptx
《某公司税收管理代价与财务知识分析(49页PPT).pptx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《某公司税收管理代价与财务知识分析(49页PPT).pptx(49页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、第八章第八章 税收的代价税收的代价 Chapter 8Chapter 8 The Costs of Taxation在本章中,你将在本章中,你将 l考察税收如何减少消费者和生产者剩余考察税收如何减少消费者和生产者剩余l了解税收无谓损失的意义和原因了解税收无谓损失的意义和原因l考虑为什么一些税收的无谓损失大于另一些税收考虑为什么一些税收的无谓损失大于另一些税收l考考察察税税收收收收入入和和无无谓谓损损失失如如何何随随税税收收的的规规模模而而变变动动在实现这些目的后,你应该能在实现这些目的后,你应该能 l把把税税收收楔楔子子放放到到供供求求图图中中,并并确确定定税税收收收收入入和和消消费者与生产者
2、剩余费者与生产者剩余l把税收楔子放到供求图中,并确定无谓损失的值把税收楔子放到供求图中,并确定无谓损失的值l说说明明为为什什么么供供求求和和需需求求富富有有弹弹性性比比缺缺乏乏弹弹性性时时,一种既定的税收将引起更大的无谓损失一种既定的税收将引起更大的无谓损失l说说明明为为什什么么某某些些极极大大的的税税收收引引起起税税收收收收入入增增加加,但引起极大的无谓损失但引起极大的无谓损失PrologueWe began our study of taxes in Chapter 6.There we saw how a tax on a good affects its price and the q
3、uantity sold and how the forces of supply and demand divide the burden of a tax between buyers and sellers.In this chapter we extend this analysis and look at how taxes affect welfare,the economic well-being of participants in a market.The effects of taxes on welfare might at first seem obvious.The
4、government enacts taxes to raise revenue,and that revenue must come out of someones pocket.As we saw in Chapter 6,both buyers and sellers are worse off when a good is taxed:A tax raises the price buyers pay and lowers the price sellers receive.Yet to understand fully how taxes affect economic well-b
5、eing,we must compare the reduced welfare of buyers and sellers to the amount of revenue the government raises.The tools of consumer and producer surplus allow us to make this comparison.The analysis will show that the costs of taxes to buyers and sellers exceeds the revenue raised by the government.
6、8.1 8.1 税收的无谓损失税收的无谓损失税收的无谓损失税收的无谓损失 THE DEADWEIGHT LOSS OF TAXATIONTHE DEADWEIGHT LOSS OF TAXATIONHow do taxes affect the economic well-being of market participants?It does not matter whether a tax on a good is levied on buyers or sellers of the goodthe price paid by buyers rises,and the price rece
7、ived by sellers falls.The Effects of a Tax.The Effects of a Tax.Price0QuantityQuantity without taxSupplyDemandPrice without taxPrice buyers payQuantity with taxSize of taxPrice sellers receive8.1.1 8.1.1 税收如何影响市场参与者税收如何影响市场参与者税收如何影响市场参与者税收如何影响市场参与者 How do taxes affect the market participants?How do
8、taxes affect the market participants?现现在在我我们们用用福福利利经经济济学学的的工工具具来来衡衡量量对对一一种种物物品品征征税税的的收收益益与与损损失失。为为了了这这样样做做,我我们们必必须须考考虑虑税税收收如如何何影响买者、卖者以及政府。影响买者、卖者以及政府。1.市市场场上上买买者者得得到到的的收收益益用用消消费费者者剩剩余余(买买者者愿愿意为某物品支付的量减去他们实际支付的量意为某物品支付的量减去他们实际支付的量)来衡量;来衡量;2.市市场场上上卖卖者者得得到到的的收收益益用用生生产产者者剩剩余余(卖卖者者为为一种物品得到的量减去其成本)来衡量;一种
9、物品得到的量减去其成本)来衡量;3.政府的衡量指标是什么呢?政府的衡量指标是什么呢?税收收入税收收入 Tax RevenueT=the size of the taxQ=the quantity of the good soldT Q=the governments tax revenueTax Revenue.Price0QuantityQuantity without taxSupplyDemandPrice sellers receiveQuantity with taxSize of tax(T)Quantity sold(Q)Tax Revenue(T x Q)Price buyer
10、s pay8.1.1 8.1.1 税收如何影响市场参与者税收如何影响市场参与者税收如何影响市场参与者税收如何影响市场参与者 How do taxes affect the market participants?How do taxes affect the market participants?我们考虑我们考虑3个问题:个问题:1.没有税收时政府收入及福利情况如何?没有税收时政府收入及福利情况如何?2.征收税收之后的社会福利是多少?征收税收之后的社会福利是多少?3.福利的变动情况是什么样的?福利的变动情况是什么样的?How a Tax Affects Welfare.Quantity0Pr
11、iceDemandSupplyQ1ABCFDEQ2Tax reduces consumer surplus by(B+C)and producer surplus by(D+E)Tax revenue=(B+D)Deadweight Loss=(C+E)Price buyerspay=PB P1Price without tax=PSPrice sellers receive=Changes in Welfare Changes in Welfare from a Taxfrom a TaxWithout TaxWith TaxChangeConsumer SurplusA+B+CA-(B+C
12、)Producer SurplusD+E+FF-(D+E)Tax RevenuenoneB+D+(B+D)Total SurplusA+B+C+D+E+FA+B+D+F-(C+E)The area C+E shows the fall in total surplus and is the deadweight loss of the tax.买买者者和和卖卖者者由由税税收收受受到到的的损损失失大大于于政政府府收收入入的的增增加加。税税收收引引起起的的总总剩剩余余减减少少被被称称为为无无谓谓损失损失,面积,面积CE衡量无谓损失的规模。衡量无谓损失的规模。How a Tax Affects We
13、lfareThe change in total welfare includes:uThe change in consumer surplus,uThe change in producer surplus,uThe change in tax revenue.uThe losses to buyers and sellers exceed the revenue raised by the government.uThis fall in total surplus is called the deadweight loss.思考:为什么税收会引起无谓损失?思考:为什么税收会引起无谓损失
14、?在在第第七七章章中中我我们们说说明明了了,市市场场通通常常可可以以有有效效地地配配置置稀稀缺缺资资源源。这这就就是是说说,供供求求均均衡衡使使市市场场上上买买者者和和卖卖者者的的总总剩剩余余最最大大化化。但但是是,当当税税收收提提高高了了买买者者的的价价格格而而降降低低了了卖卖者者的的价价格格时时,它它对对买买者者的的激激励励是是比比没没有有税税收收时时少少消消费费,而而对对卖卖者者的的激激励励是是比比没没有有税税收收时时少少生生产产。当当买买者者和和卖卖者者对对这这些些激激励励做做出出反反应应时时,市市场场规规模模缩缩小小到到其其最最优优水水平平之之下下。因因此此,由由于于税税收收扭扭曲了
15、激励,就引起市场资源配置无效率。曲了激励,就引起市场资源配置无效率。8.1.2 8.1.2 无谓损失与贸易的好处无谓损失与贸易的好处无谓损失与贸易的好处无谓损失与贸易的好处 DEADWEIGHT LOSSES AND THE GAINS FROM TRADEDEADWEIGHT LOSSES AND THE GAINS FROM TRADETaxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade.The Deadweight
16、Loss.The Deadweight Loss.Quantity0Price DemandSupplyQ1PBPrice =P1without tax PSQ2Size of taxLost gains from tradeCost to sellersValue to buyersReduction in quantity due to the tax无无谓谓损损失失就就是是由由于于税税收收阻阻止止了了这这些些互互利利的的贸贸易易而而引引起起的的剩余损失。剩余损失。8.2 8.2 无谓损失的决定因素无谓损失的决定因素无谓损失的决定因素无谓损失的决定因素 Determinants of De
17、adweight LossDeterminants of Deadweight LossWhat determines whether the deadweight loss from a tax is large or small?l The The magnitude magnitude of of the the deadweight deadweight loss loss depends depends on on how how much much the the quantity quantity supplied supplied and and quantity quanti
18、ty demanded demanded respond to changes in the price.respond to changes in the price.l l That,That,in in turn,turn,depends depends on on the the price price elasticities elasticities of of supply supply and and demand.demand.Tax Distortions and Elasticities.Tax Distortions and Elasticities.QuantityP
19、riceDemandSupply0When supply isrelatively inelastic,the deadweight loss of a tax is small.(a)Inelastic SupplySize of taxTax Distortions and Elasticities.QuantityPriceDemandSupply0Size of taxWhen supply isrelatively elastic,the deadweight loss of a tax is large.(b)Elastic SupplyTax Distortions and El
20、asticities.Tax Distortions and Elasticities.QuantityPriceDemandSupply0When demand isrelatively inelastic,the deadweight loss of a tax is small.(c)Inelastic DemandSize of taxTax Distortions and Elasticities.Tax Distortions and Elasticities.QuantityPriceDemandSupply0Size of taxWhen demand isrelatively
21、 elastic,the deadweight loss of a tax is large.(d)Elastic DemandDeterminants of Deadweight LossThe greater the elasticities of demand and supply:u the larger will be the decline in equilibrium quantity and,u the greater the deadweight loss of a tax.对上述结论的一点解释:对上述结论的一点解释:从从这这个个图图中中所所得得出出的的结结论论很很容容易易解
22、解释释。税税收收造造成成无无谓谓损损失失,是是因因为为它它使使买买者者和和卖卖者者改改变变自自己己的的行行为为。税税收收提提高高了了买买者者支支付付的的价价格格,因因此此他他们们的的消消费费少少了了。同同时时,税税收收降降低低了了卖卖者者得得到到的的价价格格,因因此此他他们们的的生生产产少少了了。由由于于行行为为的的这这些些变变动动,市市场场规规模模缩缩小小到到最最优优水水平平之之下下。供供给给和和需需求求弹弹性性衡衡量量买买者者和和卖卖者者对对价价格格变变动动的的反反应应程程度度,从从而而决决定定了了税税收收扭扭曲曲会会使使市市场场结结果果有有多多大大变变动动。因因此此,供供给给和和需需求求
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 某公司 税收 管理 代价 财务 知识 分析 49 PPT
限制150内