2022年中考英语名词、冠词、代词知识点及易错题精讲精练4.docx
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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 一名词I. 名词的种类:专出名词个体名词可数名词集体名词一般名词抽象名词不行数名词物质名词国名 .地名 .人名,团体 .机构名称II. 名词的数:1. 规章名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es;现将构成方法与读音规章列表如下:1 规章例词一般情形在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以 -f 或
2、-fe 结尾变-f 和 -fe 为 v 再加 -es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 的词加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词,变y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y 结尾的名词,或专出名词以toy-toys, boy-boys, day-d
3、ays, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys y 结尾的,加 -s 6 一般加 -es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 以 辅 音字 母加piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, -o 结尾的名词不少外来词加 -s solo-solos 7 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加 -o 结尾的名词加 -s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboo
4、s, zoo-zoos 8 以 -th 结尾的名词加 -s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规章名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规章的,现归纳如下:1 规章例词转变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes
5、, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, 以作复数(成员)government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party customs海关 , forces军队 , times 时代 , spirits 心情 , 6 复数形式表示特殊含义drinks 饮
6、料 , sands沙滩 , papers文件报纸 , manners礼貌, looks外表 , brains头脑智力 , greens青菜 , ruins 废墟 名师归纳总结 7 表示加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, “某Europeans 国人”单复数同形第 1 页,共 14 页Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 以 -man 或 -woman 结 尾 的 改 为-men,-women Englishmen,
7、 Frenchwomen 8 合成将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最终一部分变为grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 名词复数将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants III. 名词的全部格:名词在句中表示全部关系的语法形式叫做名词全部格;全部格分两种:一是名词词尾加s构成,二是由介词 of 加名词构成;前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西;1. 全部格的构成:单数名词在末尾加s the boy
8、s father, Jacks book, her son s photo,一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 复数名词不规章复数名词后加s the childrens toys, women s rights, 以 s 结尾的人名全部格加s或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的全部关系时 ,各名词末尾均须Japan s and Americas problems, Janes and Marys b加s表示共有的全部关系时在最终一词末加s Japan and Americ
9、a s problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺,全部格后名词the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles省略2. 全部格的用法: 表示时间 today s newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4 表示工作群体 the ships crew,
10、majoritys view, the teams victory5 表示度量衡及价值 a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples与人类活动有特殊关系的名6 the lifes time, the plays plot词7 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at one 不知所措 s wits end3. of 全部格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,特殊是有较长定语时:the classrooms
11、of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词( the),和零冠词;I. 不定冠词的用法:名师归纳总结 1 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“ 每一” 相当于every,one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“ 相同” 相当于the same We are nearl
12、y of an age. 5 用于人名前,表示不熟悉此人或与某名A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out 人有类似性质的人或事That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, 第 2 页,共 14 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, suchThi
13、s room is rather a big one. 之后8 用于 soas, too, how+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法:1 表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都明白的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door. 4 用于乐器前面play the violin, play th
14、e guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“ 一家人” 或“ 夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名the United States, the Communist Party of China, the 词前French 9 用于表示创造物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数
15、数词之前,指世纪的某个岁月in the 1990s11 用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的He patted me on the shoulder. 词组前III. 零冠词的用法:1 专出名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 词前2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is t
16、his. 限制3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses
17、are useful animals. 三代词 :I. 代词可以分为以下七大类:1 人主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 称宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 代词名师归纳总结 2 物 主 代词形 容 词 性 名词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their 第 3 页,共 14 页mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, y
18、ourselves, themselves 4 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 5 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a 7 不定代词little, othe
19、r/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法留意点:1. one, some 与 any: 1 one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为 否定句;One should learn to think of others. ones;some 多用于确定句, any 多用于疑问句和Have you any bookmarks. No, I dony bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2 some 可用于疑问句中,表示希望得到确定的答复,或者表示建议,恳求等;Would you like some
20、bananas. Could you give me some money. 3 some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个, any 表示任何一个;I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4 some 和数词连用表示“ 大约”,any 可与比较级连用表示程度;There are some 3,000 students in this school. 2. each 和 every: Do you feel any better today. each 强调
21、个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而 every 强调整体,所指的数必需是三 个或三个以上;Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each of us has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none 和 no:no 等于 not any,作定语; none 作主语或宾语,代替不行数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数 名词,谓
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