工程力学专业外语.ppt

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1、工程力学专业外语 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望EA-the axial rigidity of the rod in tension or compressionE-elastic modulusG-the modulus of rigidity or shear modulusIP Polar moment of inertia.Wt section factor modulus in torsionIz Section moment of i

2、nertia.Wz section modulus1.Typesofsupport2.Typesofloadcouplesforcesuniformlydistributedloadlinearlyincreasingload3.ShearforcesandbendingmomentsinacantileverbeamArollersupportApinsupportAfixedsupportconcentratedloaddistributedloadqactdownwardsVclockwiserotationMcompressioninthetopfibersofthebeamgraph

3、ical methods”Setofelements(ormembers)x,y,zintersectionunionThereisaorthereexistsAisasubsetofthesetX;orAiscontainedinthesetXAisnotasubsetofthesetX;orAisnotcontainedinthesetXAisamemberofthesetX;orAbelongstoXAisnotamemberofthesetX;orAdoesnotbelongtoXfunctionfofxdeex,differentialxthefirstderivativeofywi

4、threspecttoxthesecondderivativeofywithrespecttoxthefirstpartialderivativeofywithrespecttoxnabla;vectordifferentialoperatorGradientoffDivergenceofV1.Stressandstrainarerelatedtermsusedtodefinetheintensityofinternalreactiveforcesinadeformedbodyandassociatedunitchangeofdimension,shape,orvolumebyexternal

5、lyappliedforces.2.Yieldingstrengthisthestressaccompanyingaspecifiedpermanentplasticstrain,whichis considered asnothavingimpairedusefulelasticbehaviorandwhichrepresentsthepracticalelasticstrengthformaterialshavingagradualkneeinthestress-straincurve.3.Ultimatestrengthdefinesthemaximumresistancetotensi

6、le,compressive,orshearingforces,expressedeitherasatotalload-producingfractureasinthecaseofaropeorcable,themaximumstressdevelopedpriortofracture,orthestressaccompanyingsomelimitingdeformation.4.Ultimatetensilestrengthisthemaximumnominaltensilestressdevelopedduringincreasing-loadapplication,calculated

7、frommaximumappliedloadandoriginalunstrainedsectionalarea.5.Thosematerialsdevelopinglargeelongationreachmaximumloadresistancepriortofracture,whichoccursatalocallyreducedsection.6.Thestrainenergyperunitvolumestoredinthematerialwhenfracturedisrepresentedbythetotalareaunderthestress-straincurveanditcall

8、edthetoughness.Elastic Range:Linear elastic:Nonlinear elastic:Plastic Range:Yield point Yield strength Ultimate strength力学力学 mechanics牛顿力学牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学经典力学 classical mechanics静力学静力学 statics运动学运动学 kinematics动力学动力学 dynamics动理学动理学 kinetics宏观力学宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力

9、学细观力学 mesomechanics 微观力学微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics一般力学一般力学 general mechanics固体力学固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学计算力学 computational mechanics理性力学理性力学 rat

10、ional mechanics物理力学物理力学 physical mechanics地球动力学地球动力学 geodynamics分析力学分析力学 analytical mechanics 力force作用点pointofaction作用线lineofaction力系systemofforces力系的简化reductionofforcesystem等效力系equivalentforcesystem刚体rigidbody力的可传性transmissibilityofforce平行四边形定则parallelogramrule力三角形forcetriangle力多边形forcepolygon零力系nu

11、ll-forcesystem平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibriumofforces平衡条件equilibriumcondition平衡位置equilibriumposition平衡态equilibriumstate静平衡staticbalancing动平衡dynamicbalancing静不平衡staticunbalance动不平衡dynamicunbalance现场平衡fieldbalancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance本构关系constitutiverelationAcceleration，velocity(速度),speed(速率),vecto

12、rAssumption,hypothesis,postulateDynamics=kinematics(运动学)+kinetics（动力学）Rectangular,square,parallelogram,rhombus（菱形），diamond（菱形）Pentagon（五边形，五角形）hexagon（六边形）polygon（多边形）Quadrangular四棱柱，triangularprism（三棱柱）cylinder（圆柱体）column-shapedthings（柱状物）pillar;post;column（柱子）cone（锥体），sphere;globe（球）triangularpyra

13、mid（三棱锥）rectangularpyramid（四棱锥）oval;oval-shaped;ellipse;ellipsoid（椭圆）trigonometry,algebra,anddifferentialandintegralcalculusRadiusofcurvaturecurvature(Greekkappa),neutralsurfaceneutral axis0elongationtensionIztheMOMENT OF INERTIA ofthecross-sectionalarea;theareaMOMENT OF INERTIA;orsecondmomentofarea

14、.EI-thestructuralrigidityboundaryconditions.NEWTONSLAWOFMOTIONSirIsaacNewton,inhistreatisethe principia,announcedthreefamouslawsthatdescribethemotionofaparticles.FirstLaw:Foreveryaction,thereisanequalandoppositelyreaction,orthemutualforcesexertedbytwoparticlesoneachotherarealwaysequalandoppositelydi

15、rected.SecondLaw:Accelerationofaparticleisproportionaltotheforcethatactsontheparticleandinverselyproportionaltothemassoftheparticle.F(force)=m(mass)a(acceleration)ThirdLawEveryforce(action)isaccompaniedbyanequalandoppositeforce(reaction)Action-reactionModalanalysis模态分析n1.Finiteelementmodalanalysisof

16、grounddrivingsystemforprogressingcavitypump;螺杆泵井地面驱动系统的有限元模态分析n2.Fluid-solidcouplingmodalanalysisonG70Btrainoiltank;G70B列车油罐液固耦合模态分析n3.ExperimentalModalAnalysisonBackCoverofComputer;基于模态分析对电脑显示器后壳的研究modeanalysis模态分析n1.ModeanalysisoffiniteelementonacrankshaftbyusingAPDLlanguagetosetupThree-dimensiona

17、lmodel;APDL参数化三维建模的曲轴有限元模态分析n2.Emulationandmodeanalysisofthelong-spansteelarchbridge;大跨度钢拱桥的仿真与模态分析n3.Applicationofmodeanalysisinhydraulicturbine;模态分析在水轮机中的应用Modalanalysis模拟分析法n1.TheApplicationofANSYSinModelAnalysisofCNCLathe;ANSYS在数控机床模态分析中的应用n2.FiniteelementmodelanalysisofslingshotsubstructureofZJ

18、70Ddrillingrig;ZJ70D型钻机双升式底座有限元模态分析n3.Thefiniteelementmodelingandmodelanalysisoftheteleconsultingvehiclecompartment;远程会诊车车厢有限元建模与模态分析modalityanalysis模式分析n1.FiniteelementmodalityanalysisofsinglecylindercrankshaftcrackbasedonCADmodeling;基于CAD建模的单缸曲轴裂纹的有限元模态分析n2.Restraintmodalityanalysisonspatialmechan

19、icalarm;空间机械臂约束模态分析n3.Treatmentofhingelinkinfiniteelementmodalityanalysisofflexiblebodiedmechanism;柔体机构有限元模态分析中铰链联接的处理modeshapeanalysis阵型分析n1.Onthebasisofmodeshapeanalysis,dynamicanalysis,ANN,ANFISandrandomvibrationtheory,vehicleframecanbedealtwithbythedynamicanalysis,manufactureperformanceparameter

20、sfortheframecanbeanalyzedonline,andthequalityoftheframecanbeverifiedandforecasted.本文以模态分析、动态分析、ANN（人工神经网络）、ANFIS（自适应模糊推理系统）理论及随机振动理论等作为基础,对汽车车架在试车场环境下进行动态分析以及汽车车架制造性能参数在线分析、质量检验、预测与控制nIntermolecularnCohesivenCompactnessnMechanicalanalysisnIntermolecularcohesionnThermodynamicsnElasticenergynSurfacete

21、nsionnCurvaturenSpecificweight比重（量）nSpecificvolume比容nSpecificgravity比重（力）nBulkmodulus体积模量FLUIDPROPERITESFLUIDPROPERITESn1.matterexistsintwostates-thesolidandthefluid,thefluidstatebeingcommonlydividedintotheliquidandgaseousstates.n物质有两种状态-固体和流体，流体通常又分为液体和气体n2.Solidsdifferfromliquidsandliquidsfromgase

22、sinthespacingandlatitudeofmotionoftheirmolecules,thesevariablesbeinglargeinagas,smallerinaliquid,andextremelysmallinasolid.n在他们的分子间距与分子运动范围方面，固体不同于液体，液体又不同于气体，这些变量在气体较大，液体中较小而固体中最小。FLUIDPROPERITESn3.Thesefundamentalfactsaccount forthefamiliarcompactnessandrigidityofformpossessedbysolids,theabilityof

23、liquidmoleculestomovefreelywithinaliquidmass,andthecapacityofgasestofillcompletelythecontainersinwhichtheyareplaced,whilealiquidhasadefinitevolumeandawelldefinedsurface.n这些基本事实说明固体具有熟知的紧密性和形状的刚性，液体分子在一液体团中的自由运动能力和气体完全充满所盛容器的能力，而液体有一一定的体积和一明确的表面。n4.Allfluidscanbecompressedbytheapplicationofpressure,e

24、lasticenergybeingstoredintheprocess;assumingperfectenergyconversions,suchascompressedvolumesoffluidswillexpandtotheiroriginalvolumeswhentheappliedpressureisreleased.n一切流体通过施加压强均可被压缩，在这过程中，弹性能被储存起来，假定能量转换是完全的，当所施压强移去后流体的这种被压体积会膨胀至它原来的体积。FLUIDPROPERITESn5.Thusfluidsareelasticmedia,anditiscustomaryinen

25、gineeringtosummarizethispropertybydefiningamodulusofelasticityasisdoneforsolidelasticmaterialssuchassteel.n这样，流体是弹性介质，如同固体弹性材料所作那样，比如钢。通常在工程中通过定义一弹性模量来概括这一性质。n6.Alsorelevanttotheuseofequation(12)istheobservedfactthatthevelocityatasolidboundaryiszero,thatis,thereisno”slip”betweenfluidandsolidforallfl

26、uidsthatcanbetreatedasacontinuum.n在固体边界处速度为零-即在流体与固体之间，一切可以当做连续介质看待的流体均不存在“滑动”-这一观察到的事实与使用方程（12）有关。FLUIDPROPERITESn7.Ingases，whereintermolecularcohesionisusuallynegligible,theshearstress,betweenmovinglayersoffluidresultsfromanexchangeofmomentumbetweentheselayersbroughtaboutbymolecularagitationnormal

27、 tothegeneraldirectionofmotion.n8.Infact,treatingthesupportingtensionisananalogyusedwidelyintheoreticaltreatmentofsurfacetensionproblems.n事实上，将表面当成一种承受张力的薄膜是理论处理表面张力问题是广泛使用的一种类比法。n在气体中，分子间的内聚力通常可以忽略，运动流体层之间的剪应力来自这些层之间的动量交换，这种交换是由于分子在垂直于总运动方向的扰动引起的。1.Thefluidenterstheboundarylayerandlosesmuchofitskin

28、etic energy,ofwhichasmallpartisconducedawayalthoughmostisconvertedintothermalenergy.流体进入边界层同时失去了它的许多功能，动能的一小部分被传导走了，虽然它的大部分被转换为热能。2.Constrainedbytheductwallsintoano-gowthcondition,thevelocityprofilesettlesintoafullydevelopedshapewhichisindependentofthestreamwisecoordinate.速度轮廓线受通道壁的约束成为无法生长的情况，它演变成了

29、与流向坐标无关的充分发展形状。3.Allsolidsurfaceinteractwithaviscousfluidflowbecauseofano-slipcondition,aphysicalrequirementthatthefluidandsolidhaveequalvelocitiesattheirinterface.由于物理上的无滑移条件要求，即在流体与固壁的界面处有相同的速度，一切固壁表面与粘性流体流动相互影响。Boudinary-layerflow边界层流动；inviscid无粘性的；viscous粘性；newtonianfluid牛顿流体；constrained被约束的；4.M

30、anytermsmaythenbedroppedfrombasicNavier-Stokesequations,andtheresultingboundary-layer equationseliminatepressureasavariableandsolvemerelyforuandvbyextendingdownstreambetweenthewall,whereno-slipobtains,andtheinviscidouterstream,whereU(x)isassumeddirectlyrelatedtothepressureP(x)bytheBernoulli relation

31、（3）.省去了Navier-Stokes方程组中的许多项和所得到的边界层方程组不再把压强作为一变量；同时在下游的固壁与外部无粘性流之间的范围内仅对u和v求解。在固壁处有无滑移条件，而在外部无粘流处，假定速度U(x)与压强p(x)通过伯努利关系式（3）直接联系。nAnchor锚nDam水坝；ramp，incline，slope斜坡nPlacement方位；supervisor;advisor;tutor导师nComputer-aid-design计算机辅助设计；nStructuralengineering结构工程；npipelineengineering管道工程；CIVILENGINEERING

32、CIVILENGINEERINGn1.Enviormentalspecialistsstudytheprojectsimpactonthelocalarea;thepotentialforairandgroundwaterpollution,theprojectsimpactonlocalanimalandplantlife,andhowtheprojectcanbedesignedtomeetgovernmentrequirementsaimedatprotectingtheenvironment.n环境专家研究工程项目对本地区的冲击，即空气与地下水被污染的潜在可能性，工程项目对本地区动物与

33、植物生命的冲击，和如何设计工程项目使其满足政府对保护环境的要求。n2.Supervisingandcoordinatingtheworkofthesecivilengineerspecialists,frombeginningtoendoftheproject,aretheconstructionmanagementspecialists.nToimpacton-对的冲击；nTomeettherequirementsof-满足.的要求；nToaimatdoing-目的在于CIVILENGINEERINGn3.Basedoninformationsuppliedbytheotherspecial

34、ists,constructionmanagementcivilengineersestimatequantitiesandcostsofmaterialsandlabor,scheduleallwork,ordermaterialsandequipmentforthejob,hirecontractorsandsubcontractors,andperformothersupervisoryworktoensuretheprojectiscompletedontimeandasspecified.n以其它专家所提供的信息为基础，施工管理土木工程师估计材料与劳力的数量和价格，安排一切工作计划，

35、订购工作所需的材料与设备，雇佣承包商和进行其他监督工作以确保工程项目能按时按规定的完成。n4.Usingcomputers,structuralengineersdeterminetheforcesastructuremustresist,itsownweight,wineandhurricaneforces,temperaturechangesthatexpandorcontractconstructionmaterials,andearthquakes.n结构工程师使用计算机确定一结构所必需抵抗的力，即结构本身的重量，风力与飓风力，温度变化引起建筑材料的膨胀或收缩和地震。CIVILENGI

36、NEERINGn5.Theirprojectshelppreventfloods,supplywaterforcitiesandforirrigation,manageandcontrolriversandwaterrunoff,andmaintainbeachesandotherwaterfrontfacilities.nRunoff-径流，流走之物；nWaterfront-滨水区n6.Theycoordinatetheactivitiesofvirtuallyeveryoneengagedinthework:thesurveyors;workerswholayoutandconstruct

37、thetemporaryroadsandramps,excavateforthefoundation,buildtheformsandpourtheconcrete;andworkerswhobuildthesteelframe-work.n他们几乎协调每一参加工作人员的活动；这包括测量员；设计与建造临时道路与斜坡，挖掘地基，建造外形与倾注水泥的工人；和建造钢筋骨架的工人。n他们的工程项目帮助防止洪水，供给城市和灌溉用水，管理与控制江河及水的流失，并维护海滩和其他沿岸设施。CIVILENGINEERINGn7.Radiosignalsfromsatellites,scannedbylasera

38、ndsonicbeams,are converted tomapstoprovideveryaccuratemeasurementsforboringtunnels,buildinghighwaysanddams,plottingfloodcontrolandirrigationprojects,locatingsubsurfacegeologicformationsthatmayaffectaconstructionprojectandaahostofhostofotherbuildinguses.n通过激光束与声束，可把热早地球卫星来的无线电信号转变为图像，一边为开凿隧道建造公路与堤坝，为

39、计划洪水控制与灌溉工程，为确定向施工计划的地下地质构造和为其他许多建筑用途提供很准确的测量结果。nToconvertAtoB-把A转换成B；nToprovideAforB-为B提供A；n杆元barelement桁架杆元trusselement梁元beamelement二维元two-dimensionalelement一维元one-dimensionalelement三维元three-dimensionalelementn轴对称元axisymmetricelement板元plateelement壳元shellelement厚板元thickplateelement三角形元triangularele

40、ment四边形元quadrilateralelement四面体元tetrahedralelement曲线元curvedelement二次元quadraticelement线性元linearelement三次元cubicelement四次元quarticelement等参数元isoparametricelementn局部坐标系localcoordinatesystem局部坐标localcoordinate面积坐标areacoordinates体积坐标volumecoordinates曲线坐标curvilinearcoordinates模态叠加法 mode superposition method

41、 平衡迭代 equilibrium iteration 网格生成 mesh generation 结构分析程序 structural analysis program 前处理 pre-processing 后处理 post-processing 网格细化 mesh refinement 应力光顺 stress smoothing 组合结构 composite structure n岩石力学rockmechanics原始岩体应力virginrockstress构造应力tectonicstress三轴压缩试验three-axialcompressiontest三轴拉伸试验three-axialte

42、nsiletest三轴试验triaxialtest岩层静态应力lithostaticstressn地压强geostaticpressuren土力学soilmechanics弹性力学elasticityn应力不变量stressinvariant应变不变量straininvariant应变椭球strainellipsoidn应变协调方程equationofstraincompatibility拉梅常量Lameconstants各向同性弹性isotropicelasticityn半逆解法semi-inversemethod瑞利-里茨法Rayleigh-Ritzmethod松弛法Relaxationm

43、ethod莱维法Levymethod松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensionalanalysis各向异性弹性Anisotropicelasticity热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticityn非线性弹性Nonlinearelasticity大挠度Largedeflection简单加载Simpleloading比例加载Proportionalloading卸载Unloading本构方程constitutiveequation等效应力equivalentstress等效应变equivalentstrain各向同性强化i

44、sotropichardening强化模量strain-hardeningmodulus理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectlyplasticMaterialn强迫边界条件forcedboundarycondition自然边界条件naturalboundarycondition离散化Discretization离散系统discretesystem连续问题continuousproblemn广义位移generalizeddisplacement广义载荷generalizedload广义应变generalizedstrain广义应力generalizedstress节点 node,noda

45、l point 节点号 node number 单元 Element 单元号 element number 角节点 corner node 边节点 mid-side node 内节点 internal node 无节点变量 nodeless variableFDM-FiniteDifferenceMethods(有限差分法)nThedomainofsolutionofthegivenPDEisfirstsubdivided(细分)byanetwithafinitenumberofmeshpoints(网格点).nThederivativeateachpointisthenreplacedbya

46、finitedifferenceapproximation.nAlternatively,onecanvisualizethisdiscretization(离散化)procedureasthereplacementofthesolutionofthePDEwithaninterpolating(插入，插入值)polynomial(多项式)anddifferentiationofthispolynomial.nFEM-Finite-elementmethodnFEMemployssubdivisionofthesolutiondomainintomanysmallershapes,suchas

47、trianglesandquadranglesanduseapproximationtheory（近似理论）toquantize(量化)behavioroneachfiniteelement（有限单元）.nUsingavariationalprinciple（变分原理）oraweighted-residualmethod（加权残余法）,nThoselocalequationsarecollectedtogethertoformaglobalsystemofordinarydifferential（微分）oralgebraic（代数）equationsincludingaproperaccoun

48、tingofboundaryconditions.nThenodalvaluesofthedependentvariablesaredeterminedfromsolutionofthismatrixequationsystem.BEMBoundaryElementMethodnThefundamentalmotivationbehindboundaryequationmethods,BIEM(boundaryelementmethod)isthereductionofthedimensionality(维度)oftheproblem.nThuswesimplifyaproblemfromon

49、einvolvingareaintegrationtooneinvolvinglineintegration.nIngeneral,thenumberofequationsderivedfromaformulationwillbefewerthaninthecaseofaninteriormethod(内部法).nIncontrasttothesparsematrices(稀疏矩阵)encounteredinothermethods,howevertheBIEM-generated(边界积分方程所生成的)matricesarefull.OthermethodsnVariousalternati

50、vestothefinite-differenceapproachareavailable,includingintegralapproaches(积分方法)suchasmomentmethods(力矩法),lastsquaretechnique(最小二乘法),Galerkintechniques(伽辽金法),andRayleigh-Ritzvariationalformulations(瑞利-瑞兹变分法).nEachofthemcanbeappliedonasubdomain(子域)ofacontinuum(连续介质)orevertheentireregionofinterest.nThes