中西方文化比较宇宙观.ppt

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1、中西方文化比较宇宙观 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望 This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles,West and East published successively in English Today(Cambridge University Press),Asian Studies(Oxford University Press),The Quest(An Ame

2、rican philosophical journal)and Social Sciences(A Chinese journal).Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles,West and East published successively in English Today(Cambridge University Press),Asian Studies(Oxfor

3、d University Press),The Quest(An American philosophical journal)and Social Sciences(A Chinese journal).Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures 该讲座以本人的一篇同名论文为基准。这篇论文的英文版及中文版曾先后发表或转载于英国剑桥大学出版社的今日英语、英国牛津大学出版社的亚洲研究、美国哲学刊物求索及中国刊物社会科学。环性与线性环性与线性 中西文化比较中西文化比较左左 飚飚A Risky and C

4、ontroversial Topic.这是一个容易引起争议的话题这是一个容易引起争议的话题Culture is a pervasive concept.Culture is a pervasive concept.文化是一个极为宽泛的概念。文化是一个极为宽泛的概念。Culture is a dynamic process.Culture is a dynamic process.文化是一个动态的过程。文化是一个动态的过程。Cultural difference is relative.Cultural difference is relative.文化差异是相对的。文化差异是相对的。wWhat

5、 is culture?文化的定义What is culture?nCulture is that complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,law,morals,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.Edward Tylor(1871)(a British anthropologist)文化是一个错综复杂的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、习俗以及作为社会成员的人所获得的其他一切能力和习惯。爱德华泰

6、勒(1871)英国人类学家nCulture consists of patterns,explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols,constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups,including their embodiment in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional(historically derived and sel

7、ected)ideas and especially their attached values.Culture systems may,on the one hand,be considered as products of action,on the other hand,as conditioning elements of future action.Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (two American anthropologists,1961）What is culture?n文化是由通过符号所获得并传播的显性及隐性行为模式所构成，这种行为

8、模式形成人类群体的特征，包括它们在人工制品中的体现；文化的核心部分是传统的（源于历史并经历史选择的）观念，尤其是价值观。文化系统，一方面可被视为人们行为的产品，另一方面又可被看作是规约未来行为的条件。克洛依伯、克勒克荷恩美国人类学家文化的定义What is Culture?nCulture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate behavior.J.P.Spradley(Psychologist)文化是后天获得的知识，人们用这种知识来解释以往的经验，生成未来的行为。斯普

9、拉德莱（心理学家）What is Culture?nCulture refers to the total pattern of human learned behavior transmitted from generation to generation.Salzmann(Sociologist)文化是指人们学得的行为的总体模式，这种行为模式代代相传。萨尔斯曼（社会学家）What is culture?nCulture is the total range of activities and ideas of a group of people with shared traditions

10、 which are transmitted and reinforced by members of the group.CED 文化是具有共同传统的群体的活动和观念的总和，这些传统为这一群体的成员加以传播并加强。剑桥英语词典nCulture is the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought,speech,action and artifacts.nCulture is a complex of typical behavior or standardized social characte

11、ristics peculiar to a specific group.WNID 文化是人类行为及其产品的总和，表现为思想、言论、行动及制成物品。文化是某一群体所特有的典型行为或规范化的社会特征的综合。韦氏新国际词典Characteristics of Culture文化的特征Characteristics of CulturenNon-natural （非自然性）nNon-individual（非个人性）nNon-innate（非先天性）nRegional and trans-regional（地域性与超地域性）nEpochal and trans-epochal（时代性与超时代性）Ess

12、entials of CulturenExternal（外在文化/有形文化）*behavior language,gestures,customs行为 语言、手势、习俗等 *products literature,art,music,artifacts产品 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等nInternal（内核文化/无形文化）*ideas beliefs,values,morals观念 信仰、价值观、道德观等Essentials of Culture文化的要素文化的要素Essentials of CulturenDead（死文化）*products(achievements)literat

13、ure,art,music,artifacts,architecture 产品 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等nLiving（活文化）*ideas beliefs,values,morals观念 信仰、价值观、道德观等 *behavior language,gestures,customs行为 语言、手势、习俗等Layers of Culture文化的层次文化的层次产品/符号Products/SymbolsBehaviors 行为Values 价值观念Assumptions 对宇宙、人性的基本看法Layers of CultureCultures:Universality and Indi

14、viduality文化的共性与个性Commonality of human nature 人性趋同Penetrativeness and fusibility 渗透性及可融性Accumulation and tradition 积淀与传统Linearity and Circularity 线性与环性钱钟书：东海西海，心理攸同；南学北学，道术未裂。My idea about the contrastive study is based ona western diagram and a Chinese picture.Plato柏拉图 The development of western phi

15、losophy is a series of footnotes to Plato.-Whitehead 西方哲学的发展是对柏拉图的一系列注脚。怀特海gnosis/knowledgenoesis/reasondianoia/ideapistis/faitheikasia/imaginationPlatos divided line of knowledgeA lineofabstraction中华第一图太极图中华第一图太极图 环性中国文化的象征环性中国文化的象征Contrast in respect of:nWorldview （宇宙观）nCore values （核心价值观）nOutlook

16、 on time （时间观）nModes of thinking （思维模式）nLinguistic expression （语言表达）nOutlook on Arts (艺术观)How is the world observed and viewed in both cultures?在中西两种文化中人们是怎样看待世界的？Man and Nature人 与 自 然1.Worldview 宇宙观宇宙观Linear division and circular enclosure（线分环合）（线分环合）Western:one dividing into two(一分为二一分为二)Chinese:t

17、wo combining into one(合二为一合二为一)Opposites:Western:independence and opposition Chinese:interdependence and integration 西方文化呈线性，人与自然、凡与神均一分为二，界线分明，强调二元的并存与对立；中国文化呈环性，人与自然、凡与神均合而为一，环抱涵容，注重二元的依存和统一。Western Linear division(线分线分)One dividing into two(一分为二一分为二)Ancient Greek Philosophers 古希腊哲学家Thales泰勒斯（624

18、547 BC）Heracleitus赫拉克利特（540 480 BC）Plato柏拉图（427 347 BC）Linear dividing philosophyThales,the first Greek philosopher 泰勒斯古希腊第一位哲学家Philosophy begins with Thales.Bertrand Russell（罗素）Matter Vs MindMatter Vs EnergyBody Vs Soul Mind shaped and created all things from water.ThalesLinear dividing philosophyH

19、eracleitus,one of the founders of dialectics 赫拉克利特辩证法的奠基人Everything is in a state of flux.Strife is justice.All things come into being by conflict of opposites,and the sum of things(ta hola,the whole)flows like a stream.We both step and do not step in the same rivers.Plato柏拉图 Platos distinction betw

20、een the sensible world and the ideal world 柏拉图关于感觉世界与理念世界的区分 Platos Theory of Forms contrasts reality with phenomena;soul with body;knowledge with opinion;reason with sensation;and rationality with emotion.柏拉图的理念论把实在和现象、灵魂和肉体、知识和意见、理性和感觉、理智和激情相对应。Modern Philosophers西方近现代哲学家西方近现代哲学家Descartes笛卡尔(1596

21、1650)Kant康德(1724 1804)Russell罗素(1872 1970)Philosopher:Descartes（French)Father of Modern Philosophy Hegel（黑格尔）Je pense,donc je suis.I think,therefore I am.I am thinking,therefore I exist.我思故我在。Perception through senses is unreliable,but thinking is indubitable.Philosopher:Descartes（French)n Substance

22、 dualism （实体二元论）:The body works like a machine,with the material properties of extension and motion,and it follows the laws of physics.The mind(or soul)is a nonmaterial entity that does not follow the laws of physics.Descartes divided the world into extended substance(matter)and thinking substance(m

23、ind),and these two have mutually incompatible properties.Accordingly the soul is entirely distinct from the body.笛卡尔把世界划分为广延的实体(物质)和能思维的实体(心灵)，这两种实体的性质是不相容的。因此，灵魂与身体是截然区分的。nKant（康德,German）nRussell（罗素,British）Phenomenal world vs.noumenal world（现象世界与本体世界）Causal dualism（因果二元论）:physical causal laws vs.p

24、sychological causal laws （物理因果律与心理因果律）Christianity and BibleGod occupies a dominant position.Theme of Bible:Human redemption圣经主题：人的灵魂拯救Christianity:God and Man God creates Man and Man sins against God.基督教：上帝创造人，人违抗上帝而犯罪。West:linear divisionScientist:Archemedes（阿基米德,287212 BC）Give me but one firm spo

25、t on which to stand,and I will move the earth.只要给我一个稳固的立足点，我就能移动地球。Chinese circular enclosure（环合）（环合）Two combining into one(合二为一合二为一)Tao consists in Yin and Yang.The Book of Changes(600 BC)易经：一阴一阳之谓道。易经：一阴一阳之谓道。Chinese:circular enclosurePhilosophical Concept:Tao（道）（道）Tao gave birth to the One;the On

26、e gave birth successively to two things,three things,up to ten thousand.These ten thousand creatures cannot turn their backs to the shade(Yin)without having the sun(Yang)on their bellies,and it is this blending of the breaths(Yin and Yang)that their harmony depends.Translated by Arthur Waley老子：道生一，一

27、生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳,冲气以为和。道德经第42章Lao Tzu（571-471 BC)天地与我并生，而万物与我为一。Heaven and earth co-exist with me,Heaven and earth co-exist with me,and I am and I am identified with everythingidentified with everything in in the universe.the universe.庄子（369 286 BC）故其好之也一,其弗好之也一。天与人不相胜也。Nature and Man are unified

28、 as one whether you like it or not.They are not in conflict.天人合一天人感应 天地之气，合而为一，分为阴阳，判为四时，列为五行。The energy of heaven and earth are a unified one.It consists in Yin and Yang and manifests itself in four seasons and five elements.Gardener Murphy 董仲舒179 104 BC 天亦有喜怒之气，哀乐之心。以类合之，天人一也。Heaven also has feeli

29、ngs like delight and anger,joy and sorrow.Heaven and Man can be classified under the same category.Chinese Circularity：Idioms 天人感应Heaven and Man interact with each other./Natural phenomena and human affairs find response in each other.天理人情The law of nature and feeling of Man are in unison.Chinese Ci

30、rcularity：Idioms天从人愿Heaven accords with human wishes.天怒人怨Nature is angry while people resentful.天意人缘Heavens will brings about human affinity.天与人归Nature and Man turn to one.Chinese Circularity:LiteraturePoetic lines:花迎喜气皆知笑，鸟识欢心亦解歌。王维Flowers smile on the happy occasion;Birds sing with the joyful cong

31、regation.Chinese Circularity:LiteraturePoetic lines:高树多悲风，海水扬其波。曹植 Trees sway in a mournful gale;Waves surge like hill and dale.Poetic lines 山河破碎风抛絮，身世浮沉雨打萍。文天祥 Catkins scattered by wind,My motherland is being disintegrated;Rain striking duckweed,I sink against the tide,broken-hearted.Chinese:circul

32、ar enclosure 周易大传：观天之神道，而四时不忒，圣人以神道设教，而天下服矣。牟宗三：中国哲学是圆盈之教。The Advantages of Each Worldview The one-dividing-into-two linear worldview contributes to the development of science and technology in exploring nature and to Mans survival through his struggle against nature.The two-combining-into-one circu

33、lar worldview facilitates the development of ethics in transforming society and benefits Mans survival in seeking harmony with nature.两种宇宙观各有优势 一分为二的线性宇宙观强调二元的并存与对立，有利于发展科技探索自然，在与天奋斗中求生存；合而为一的环性宇宙观注重二元的依存和统一，有利于发展伦理改革社会，在天人和谐中求生存。1.Worldview 宇宙观宇宙观Linear division and circular enclosure（线分环合）（线分环合）We

34、stern:one dividing into two(一分为二一分为二)Chinese:two combining into one(合二为一合二为一)Opposites:Western:independence and opposition Chinese:interdependence and integration 西方文化呈线性，人与自然、凡与神均一分为二，界线分明，强调二元的并存与对立；中国文化呈环性，人与自然、凡与神均合而为一，环抱涵容，注重二元的依存和统一。Hello!Welcome to ShanghaiFriendsFromDenmarkWelcome to Shangha

35、i,Friends from Denmark!A Chinese saying goes,“Its such a great delight to have friends visiting from afar.A Chinese poem says,“A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.”Hello!教育部高等学校外语专业（英语）教育部高等学校外语专业（英语）中青年骨干教师高级研修班中青年骨干教师高级研修班 A Chinese poem says,“A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.”海内存知己，天涯若比邻海内存知己，天涯若比邻