三、-劳动力与失业.ppt

《三、-劳动力与失业.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《三、-劳动力与失业.ppt（31页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、三、三、-劳动力与失业劳动力与失业一、劳动力一、劳动力LaborForce(Manpower，Workforce)1.劳动力的概念劳动力的概念LaborForceofDefinition存在于活的人体之中存在于活的人体之中Existinginlivinghumanbody；人生产某种使用价值或提供某种劳务时所运用的人生产某种使用价值或提供某种劳务时所运用的能力能力Powerorcompetencetobeusedtoproduceapplicationvalueorprovidesomeservice；是体力与脑力的总和是体力与脑力的总和Sumofphysicalandintelligentp

2、ower。一、劳动力一、劳动力LaborForce(Manpower,Workforce)2.劳动力的再生产劳动力的再生产Reproduction体力与脑力的恢复体力与脑力的恢复Recoveringofphysicalandintelligentpower；补充与增加补充与增加Supplementandaddition体质的增强与劳动技能的提高体质的增强与劳动技能的提高StrengtheningbodyandimprovingworkskillLaborforceThe labor force is all the nonmilitary people who are officially e

3、mployed or unemployed.In 2005,the worldwide labor force was over 3 billion people.所有非军人的就业与失业者所有非军人的就业与失业者Normally,the labor force of a country(or other geographic entity)consists of everyone of working age(typically above a certain age(around 14 to 16)and below retirement(around 65)who are particip

4、ating workers,that is people actively employed or seeking employment.劳动适龄者劳动适龄者People not counted include students,retired people,stay-at-home parents,people in prisons or similar institutions,people employed in jobs or professions with unreported income,as well as discouraged workers who cannot fin

5、d work.不包括者不包括者LaborforceIn the United States,the labor force is defined as people 16 years old or older who are employed or looking for work.Child labor laws in the United States forbid employing people under 18 in hazardous jobs.在美国，劳动适龄者需在美国，劳动适龄者需16岁以上岁以上In the United States,the unemployment rat

6、e is estimated by a household survey called the Current Population Survey,conducted monthly by the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics.美国的家庭调查美国的家庭调查 The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed persons by the size of the workforce.失业率失业率An unemployed person is defined as

7、a person not employed but actively seeking work.失业者失业者LaborforceparticipationrateThe size of the workforce is defined as those employed plus those unemployed.劳动力规模劳动力规模Participation rate is the ratio between the labor force and the overall size of their cohort(national population of the same age ran

8、ge).劳动力参与率劳动力参与率In the West during the later half of the 20th century,the labor force participation rate increased significantly,largely due to the increasing number of women entering the workplace.西方国家劳动力参与率提升西方国家劳动力参与率提升LaborforceparticipationrateThe labor force participation rate is a key compone

9、nt in long-term economic growth,almost as important as productivity.劳动劳动力参与率的重要性力参与率的重要性If a large amount of new workers enter the labor force but only a small fraction become employed,then the increase in the number of unemployed workers can outpace the growth in employment.新新增劳动力可导致失业增加增劳动力可导致失业增加

10、劳动力资源劳动力资源LaborForceResource在劳动年龄范围内有劳动能力的人口在劳动年龄范围内有劳动能力的人口Population having working ability within working age range男男1660周岁，女周岁，女1655周岁周岁 Male 16-60 years old,Female 16-55 years old in China讨论讨论Discussion1.要不要同年龄退休？要不要同年龄退休？RetireatthesameageformaleandFemale?2.要不要提前退休？要不要提前退休？Retireinadvanceornot

11、?3.很快会推迟至很快会推迟至63岁退休。岁退休。Retireatageof63innearfuture.4.要不要女士在家，男士拿双倍工资？要不要女士在家，男士拿双倍工资？Ladystaysathome,manisdoublerepaid?3.劳动力资源的质量劳动力资源的质量QualityofLaborForceResource体质与智能两方面体质与智能两方面physical&intelligentaspects优生优育优生优育eugenic(wellbornandwellfostered)营养营养nutrition教育教育education科技能力科技能力scientificandtech

12、nicalcompetence4.劳动力市场劳动力市场LaborMarket市场市场key element of market政府对劳动力市场的调控政府对劳动力市场的调控Regulation and control of labor market from government-法定工作时间法定工作时间legal working time（5天制天制5-day system;8小时工作制小时工作制8-hour working time;35小时小时工作制工作制35-houre working time;4天工作天工作3天休息？天休息？4-day working time and 3-day r

13、est?），法定节假），法定节假日日legal holidays-最低工资标准最低工资标准lowest salary level-城镇失业率控制线城镇失业率控制线unemployment rate control bottom line-工资增长指导线工资增长指导线 salary increasing guide line4.劳动力市场劳动力市场LaborMarket基本社会保险（养老金、失业金、医疗、公积金）基本社会保险（养老金、失业金、医疗、公积金）Basicsocialinsurances(pension,unemploymentfund,medicalfund,accumulation

14、fund)劳动安全保护劳动安全保护worksafetyandprotection市场制度的三要素市场制度的三要素3keyelementsoflabormarket：-最低劳动标准最低劳动标准lowestworkinglimit（最低工资标准与（最低工资标准与最长劳动时间标准最长劳动时间标准lowestsalaryandlongestworkingtime）￥）￥1450monthly￥12.5hourlyinShanghaisinceApril,2012.-最低社会保障最低社会保障basicsocialprotection（保险（保险insurance、救济、救济relief、福利、福利wel

15、fare、优抚、优抚preferentialtreatmentcompensationandcomfort）-工会组织工会组织union（权利与义务（权利与义务rightandobligation）二、就业与失业二、就业与失业Employment&UnemploymentEmployment(就业或雇佣就业或雇佣)Employment is a contract between two parties,one being the employer and the other being the employee.雇员与雇主双方签就业合同An employee may be defined as

16、:“A person in the service of another under any contract of hire,express or implied,oral or written,where the employer has the power or right to control and direct the employee in the material details of how the work is to be performed.“据合同要求，雇员受雇主指令行事Employment(就业或雇佣就业或雇佣)Self-employment自我雇佣自我雇佣When

17、 an individual entirely owns the business for which he or she labours,this is known as self-employment.Volunteerism志愿工作志愿工作Workers who are not paid wages,such as volunteers,are generally not considered as being employed.Employment(就业或雇佣就业或雇佣)Indenturingandslavery强迫奴工强迫奴工Those who work under obligati

18、on for the purpose of fulfilling a debt,such as an indentured servant,or as property of the person or entity they work for,such as a slave,do not receive pay for their services and are not considered employed.以还债为目的的强迫劳动不属于雇佣范畴以还债为目的的强迫劳动不属于雇佣范畴EmploymentinUSAIn the United States,the standard employ

19、ment relationship is considered to be at-will(随意随意)meaning that the employer and employee are both free to terminate the employment at any time and for any cause,or for no cause at all.However,if a termination of employment by the employer is deemed unjust by the employee,there can be legal recourse

20、(追索追索权权)to challenge such a termination.Unjust termination may include termination due to discrimination（歧视）（歧视）because of an individuals race,national origin,sex or gender,pregnancy,age,physical or mental disability,religion,or military status.Despite whatever agreement an employer makes with an em

21、ployee for the employees wages,an employee is entitled to certain minimum wages set by the federal government.失业失业Unemployment什么是失业？什么是失业？What为什么会有失业？为什么会有失业？Why如何解决失业问题？如何解决失业问题？How失业主体所具备的三个条件失业主体所具备的三个条件3 conditions3 conditions：（1 1）有劳动能力）有劳动能力working abilityworking ability；（2 2）愿意就业）愿意就业willing

22、to workwilling to work；（3 3）没有工作）没有工作having no jobhaving no jobUnemployment失业失业AsdefinedbytheInternationalLabourOrganization,itoccurswhenpeoplearewithoutjobsandtheyhaveactivelylookedforworkwithinthepastfourweeks.失业率失业率Theunemploymentrateisameasureoftheprevalenceofunemploymentanditiscalculatedasaperc

23、entagebydividingthenumberofunemployedindividualsbyallindividualscurrentlyinthelabourforce.MeasurementofUnemployment讨论讨论Discussionaboutunemployment社会发展的头号敌人社会发展的头号敌人firstenemyforsocialdevelopment对社会进步有促进作用（蓄水池）对社会进步有促进作用（蓄水池）Justlikeatank,usefultopromotesocialprogressUnitedStatesmeandurationofunemplo

24、yment1948-2010Unemploymentratesfrom1993-2009forFrance,EuropeanUnion,UnitedStates,G7,andOECD.Source:OECD.UnemploymentTypesEconomists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment,including cyclical or Keynesian unemployment周期失业周期失业,frictional unemployment临时失业临时失业,struc

25、tural unemployment结构失业结构失业 and classical（real-wage）unemployment古典失业.Some additional types of unemployment that are occasionally mentioned are seasonal unemployment(季节失业),and hidden unemployment（隐形失业）.UnemploymentTypesClassicalorreal-wageunemploymentItoccurswhenrealwagesforajobaresetabovethemarket-cl

26、earinglevel（市场出清水市场出清水平）,causingthenumberofjob-seekerstoexceedthenumberofvacancies.Ineconomics,marketclearingreferstoeitherasimplifyingassumptionmadebythenewclassicalschoolthatmarketsalwaysgotowherethequantitysuppliedequalsthequantitydemanded;ortheprocessofgettingthereviapriceadjustment.Unemployment

27、TypesKeynes,JohnMaynard(1883-1946)aBritisheconomistwhoseideasgreatlyinfluencedeconomicthinkinginthe20thcentury.Keynesbelievedthatgovernmentsshouldusepublicmoneytocontrolthelevelofemployment,forexamplebyspendingmoneyonpublicworks(=buildings,roadsetcbuiltbythegovernment)inordertoprovidemorejobsinperio

28、dsofhighunemployment.John Maynard KeynesJohn Maynard Keynes，约翰，约翰梅纳德梅纳德凯恩斯凯恩斯,一般称作凯恩斯一般称作凯恩斯（或译为凯因斯），英国经济学家。凯恩斯最卓越的成就是他在（或译为凯因斯），英国经济学家。凯恩斯最卓越的成就是他在宏观经济学上的贡献。一反自宏观经济学上的贡献。一反自1818世纪亚当世纪亚当斯密以来尊重市场机斯密以来尊重市场机制、反对人为干预的经济学思想，凯恩斯主张政府应积极扮演经制、反对人为干预的经济学思想，凯恩斯主张政府应积极扮演经济舵手的角色，透过财政与货币政策来对抗景气衰退乃至于经济济舵手的角色，透过财政与

29、货币政策来对抗景气衰退乃至于经济萧条。萧条。UnemploymentTypesVoluntaryunemployment自愿失业isattributedtotheindividualsdecisions.Whereasinvoluntaryunemployment非自愿失业非自愿失业existsbecauseofthesocio-economicenvironment(includingthemarketstructure,governmentintervention,andthelevelofaggregatedemand)inwhichindividualsoperate.Ontheoth

30、erhand,cyclicalunemployment,structuralunemployment,andclassicalunemploymentarelargelyinvoluntaryinnature.UnemploymentTypesHowever,the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the past,while classical(natural)unemployment may result from the legislative and e

31、conomic choices made by labour unions or political parties.结构结构失业反映经济与法律政策的选择失业反映经济与法律政策的选择Hidden,or covered,unemployment is the unemployment of potential workers that is not reflected in official unemployment statistics,due to the way the statistics are collected.潜在失业者未潜在失业者未被官方统计被官方统计Long-term une

32、mployment is normally defined,for instance in European Union statistics,as unemployment lasting for longer than one year.It is an important indicator of social exclusion.长长期失业是社会边缘化情况的重要指标期失业是社会边缘化情况的重要指标讨论讨论Discussion经济高速增长大学生为何难找工作经济高速增长大学生为何难找工作Whydifficultforgraduatesfromuniversitiesorcollegeswhileeconomyincreasesrapidly?我国接受过高等教育者的定位是普通劳动者我国接受过高等教育者的定位是普通劳动者Personseducatedinhighereducationareregardedascommonlaborernow.结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！31