教学物流英语第二章.ppt

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1、教学物流英语第二章 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望Learning objectivesLearning objectives3.3.Questions forQuestions for Discussion Discussion 1.1.MainMain ContentContent2.2.Phrases andPhrases and Terms Terms4.Case Study4.Case StudyChapter 2 Supply Chai

2、n Management11/11/20222Learning Objectives 1.Gain an understanding of the characteristics of supply chain management 2.Learn the definition of QR,ECR,ERP,CPFR,JIT 3.Get an overview of supply chain management principles and their implications for enterprises 4.Get an overview of how a supply chain sy

3、stem comes out11/11/202232.1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 2.1.1Definition of Supply Chain Management Supply chain management(SCM)is the control of the supply chain as a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer.Supply chain management does not involve onl

4、y the movement of a physical product(such as a microchip)through the chain but also any data that goes along with the product(such as order status information,payment schedules,11/11/20224 and ownership titles)and the actual entities that handle the product from stage to stage of the supply chain.Th

5、ere are essentially three goals of SCM:to reduce inventory,to increase the speed of transactions with real-time data exchange,and to increase revenue by satisfying customer demands more efficiently.Supply chain management is getting the right things to the right places at the right times for maximum

6、 profit.It is a process used by companies to ensure that their supply chain is efficient and cost-effective.Many important11/11/20225 实时数据库可用于工厂过程的自动实时数据库可用于工厂过程的自动采集、存储和监视，可在线存储每采集、存储和监视，可在线存储每个工艺过程点的多年数据，可以提个工艺过程点的多年数据，可以提供清晰、精确的操作情况画面，用供清晰、精确的操作情况画面，用户既可浏览工厂当前的生产情况，户既可浏览工厂当前的生产情况，也可回顾过去的生产情况，可以说，

7、也可回顾过去的生产情况，可以说，实时数据库对于流程工厂来说就如实时数据库对于流程工厂来说就如同飞机上的同飞机上的“黑匣子黑匣子”。11/11/20226 strategic decisions impact the supply chain:how to coordinate the production of goods and services,including which suppliers to buy materials from;how and where to store inventory;how to distribute products in the most cost

8、-effective,timely manner;and how and when to make payments.A typical supply chain is made up of many interrelated firms linked by a core enterprise.As shown in Figure 2.1,component and subassembly suppliers are upstream from the manufacturer.Further up the chain are the11/11/20227 suppliers supplier

9、s,who provide raw materials.Downstream from the producing firm are the resellers,then the retail channels and finally the customers.Thus,the supply chain encompasses the flow and transformation of goods,services and information from the raw materials stage to the consumers.2.1.2 Differences between

10、Logistics and Supply Chain Management A widely adopted textbook defines logistics management as follows:“the process of planning,implementing and controlling the efficient,effective11/11/20229 flow and storage of goods,services,and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for

11、 the purpose of conforming to customer requirements”.Starting from the late 1980s,logistics has been extended to cover a wider range of interest and activities.Such an enlarged concept and practice is called Supply Chain Management.A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options t

12、hat performs the functions of procurement of materials,transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products,11/11/202210 and the distribution of these finished products to customers.Supply chains exist in both service and manufacturing organizations.Taking into account the most

13、recent development of logistics and supply chain management,we describe logistics with the following definition:process of the location,movement and storage of resources from the point of origin,through various economic activities,to the final consumer.This definition provides logistics with a compr

14、ehensive dimension and allow organizations to take full advantage of the philosophy,the way of thinking11/11/202211 and the practice of logistics during the entire process of all logistics related activities to enhance the system efficiency in different areas.To better understand the exact meaning a

15、nd scope of logistics we need to explain this definition by looking at some of its key words.First we should look at the word process.This means that logistics is not an isolated action,it is rather a series of continuous and interrelated activities in which principles of logistics thinking,planning

16、,organization,management and operation apply.Therefore logistics is a process11/11/202212 concerned with various activities within an organization from the overall thinking to each individual operational task.Logistics is also a process that covers every element that associates with the product from

17、 the origin of resources to the final stage of consumption.Logistics does not only concern materials.It interests in all resources needed for having the right product or service at the consumers disposal.The resources here mean materials,capital,people,but they also include information,technology,et

18、c.11/11/202213 Logistics should include two levels of planning and organizing activities.The first is about where and when to get resources and products and where to send them,therefore a problem of location.This is the major difference between the traditional logistics concept and supply chain mana

19、gement,as the former is concentrating on“flows”,while the latter concerns the problems of location as well.The second level concerns how to get the resource and products from the origin to the final destination,thus a problem of movement and storage.So far much attention11/11/202214 has been paid to

20、 the second level of logistics or to the movement and storage of resources,but not enough to the fundamental question of location or in other words where the resources should be secured and transformed.Logistics itself is not a new activity in the organization,it is rather a new way of thinking and

21、organizing the existing activities under an integrated concept of logistics.It is a process of optimizing the system systematically which includes each activity so that t h e t o t a l b e n e f i t c a n b e m a x i m i z e d11/11/202215 and the best overall result can be achieved.Optimization mean

22、s to organize all relevant activities for the purpose of minimizing the total cost of providing the consumer with the value required.This implies the elimination or minimization of all unproductive activities and activities that do not provide or provide less value added.The optimization is to be as

23、sured on the entire process of providing the product or service instead of on only a part of it.11/11/202216 2.1.3 Supply Chain Management Process Typically,supply chain management is comprised of five stages:plan,develop,make,deliver,return.The first stage in supply chain management is known as Pla

24、n.A plan or strategy must be developed to address how a given goods or service will meet the needs of the customers.A significant portion of the strategy should focus on planning a profitable supply chain.Develop is the next stage in supply chain management.It involves building a strong relationship

25、 with suppliers of the raw materials needed in making11/11/202217 the product the company delivers.This phase involves not only identifying reliable suppliers but also planning methods for shipping,delivery,and payment.At the third stage,Make,the product is manufactured,tested,packaged,and scheduled

26、 for delivery.Then,at the logistics phase,customer orders are received and delivery of the goods is planned.This fourth stage of supply chain management stage is aptly named Deliver.The final stage of supply chain management is called Return.As the name suggests,during this stage,customers may retur

27、n defective products.11/11/202218 The company will also address customers questions in this stage.Companies use forecast-distribution models in order to have the appropriate inventory,or safety stock,necessary to meet fluctuations in customer demand.Under this model,participants In the lower-end of

28、the supply chain,rather than those near the end-customer,Increase their orders frequently when there is a rise in demand.2.1.4 Importance of an Effective Supply Chain Management Better supply chain helps not only manufacturers11/11/202219 of goods,but also some service businesses,Including those req

29、uiring creativity,Imagination and specialized knowledge.For example,using a virtual reality system and ultrasound data sent through the Internet,a medical specialist in Dallas can give an opinion to a patient in New York,or London,or Bombay.A virtual reality system worn around the hand and arm allow

30、s a physician to feel pressure sensations from computer images and make an informed diagnosis in real time 11/11/202220 halfway around the globe.Todays most efficient supply chains use the Internet and associated technologies to move information in real time to those who need it.These bits of data-d

31、igital strings of zeroes and ones-can be shipped anywhere in the world in seconds at virtually no cost.And with digital products there are no time-to-manufacture delays,Inventory shortages or delivery problems.While supply chain management is as old as trade itself,new information and communications

32、 technologies have made todays supply chains better,faster11/11/202221 and cheaper.Information engineering that combines new information technologies with improved production,Inventory,distribution and payments methods has revolutionized supply chain operations.For example,one way to buy a computer

33、is to get on Dells web site and configure and price a system exactly as you want it.As soon as you submit the online order,all of Dells global suppliers-those providing chips,monitors and so on are immediately notified of the sale and go to work so that you receive your computer typically 11/11/2022

34、22 within a week.Contrast this direct sales model with yesterdays supply chain.The old model required the customer to go to a store in search of a product that the manufacturer thinks you want to buy.But now,in some cases,the middlemen between you and the manufacturer can be eliminated.Moreover,in t

35、he direct sales model,the upstream suppliers play a key real-time role in keeping production and distribution flowing smoothly.11/11/202223 2.1.5 Supply Chain Management Eras.Throughout history,new ideas and technologies have revolutionized supply chains and changed the way we work.Two hundred years

36、 ago,giant machines replaced manual labor to complete tasks in large factories.Railroads,electricity and new communication media expanded markets and made supply chains better,faster and cheaper.(1)Mass Production Era.In the early 1900s,Henry Ford created the first moving assembly.This reduced the t

37、ime required to build a Model T from 728 hours to 1.5 hours and ushered in the mass production era.Over the next 60 years,American manufacturers became adept at mass production and streamlined supply chains with the help of scientific management methods and operations research techniques.(2)Lean Man

38、ufacturing Era.In the 1970s,U.S.manufacturings superiority was challenged.Foreign firms in many industries made higher quality products at lower costs.Global competition forced U.S.manufacturers to concentrate on improving quality by reducing11/11/202225 defects in their supply chains.Good to know:S

39、ix-sigma:This quality control idea was pioneered by Motorola as a way to improve processes that are already under control.The outputs of such processes typically have a normal distribution,and the process capability is expected to be within plus or minus three standard deviations of the mean.Each st

40、andard deviation is one sigma,so the total process capability covers six sigma.Total quality m a n a g e m e n t:This idea emphasizes multifunctional teams to solve quality related problems.Such teams are trained to understand basic statistical tools and then collect and analyze data to resolve qual

41、ity problems.(3)Mass Customization Era.Beginning around 1995 and coinciding with the commercial application of the Internet,manufacturers started to mass-produce customized products.Henry Fords famous statement you can have any color Model T as long as its black no longerapplies.Perhaps a more accur

42、ate term would be the information engineering or information management era.Firms are effectively using11/11/202227 new information technologies to Improve service and delivery processes.Through secure systems and business-to-business(B2B)e-commerce platforms,firms focus on improving information man

43、agement by integrating internal systems with external partners.For example,through its web site,A gives customers the ability to track the delivery status of their purchases.And Wal-Mart routinely shares all sales data in real time with its upstream suppliers and manufacturers.11/11/2022282.2 Princi

44、ples of Supply ChainManagement There are altogether seven principles in managing supply chains.1.Segment customers based on the service needs of distinct groups and adapt the supply chain to serve these segments profitably.Segmentation has traditionally grouped customers by industry,product,or trade

45、 channel and then taken a one-size-fits-all approach to serving them,averaging costs and profitability11/11/202229 within and across segments.But segmenting customers by their particular needs equips a company to develop a portfolio of services tailored to various segments.Surveys,Interviews,and ind

46、ustry research have been the traditional tools for defining key segmentation criteria.Viewed from the classic perspective,this needs-based segmentation may produce some odd couples.Research can establish the services valued by all customers versus those valued only by certain segments.Then the compa

47、ny should apply a disciplined,cross-functional process to develop a11/11/202230 menu of supply chain programs and create segment-specific service packages that combine basic services for everyone with the services from the menu that will have the greatest appeal to particular segments.This does not

48、mean tailoring for the sake of tailoring.The goal is to find the degree of segmentation and variation needed to maximize profitability;2.Customize the logistics network to the service requirements and profitability of customer segments.Companies have traditionally taken a monolithic approach to logi

49、stics network design in organizing their inventory,warehouse,and transportation activities11/11/202231 to meet a single standard.This can not achieve superior asset utilization or accommodate the segment-specific logistics necessary for excellent supply chain management.In many industries,especially

50、 such commodity industries as fine paper,tailoring distribution assets to meet individual logistics requirements is a greater source of differentiation for a manufacturer than the actual products,which are largely undifferentiated;3.Listen to market signals and align demand planning accordingly acro