小儿危重病人MMDS的识别与防治.ppt
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1、小儿危重病人MMDS的识别与防治 Still waters run deep.流流静静水深水深,人人静静心深心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望1 1脓毒症概述脓毒症概述2 2脓毒症微循环功能的改变脓毒症微循环功能的改变脓毒症微循环功能的改变脓毒症微循环功能的改变脓毒症线粒体功能障碍脓毒症线粒体功能障碍3 34 4MMDSMMDSMMDSMMDS的治疗的治疗的治疗的治疗展望展望展望展望一、概述一、概述脓毒症(脓毒症(SepsisSepsis)定义)定义 急诊,急诊,急诊,急诊,ICUICUICUICU常见的危急重症常见的危急重
2、症常见的危急重症常见的危急重症 ICUICUICUICU死亡的主要原因死亡的主要原因死亡的主要原因死亡的主要原因 发病率和死亡率很高发病率和死亡率很高发病率和死亡率很高发病率和死亡率很高:每年死于脓毒症约有每年死于脓毒症约有每年死于脓毒症约有每年死于脓毒症约有1800180018001800万万万万 脓毒症的研究成为当今危重病脓毒症的研究成为当今危重病脓毒症的研究成为当今危重病脓毒症的研究成为当今危重病,急救医学界的前沿急救医学界的前沿急救医学界的前沿急救医学界的前沿 领域之一。领域之一。领域之一。领域之一。一、概述一、概述:The relationship between inflammat
3、ion andThe relationship between inflammation andThe relationship between inflammation andThe relationship between inflammation and systemic organ injury during sepsis.systemic organ injury during sepsis.systemic organ injury during sepsis.systemic organ injury during sepsis.v In most cases,focal inf
4、ections are eradicated In most cases,focal infections are eradicated by anintense,localized inflammatory response.by anintense,localized inflammatory response.Collateral damage to regional tissues does Collateral damage to regional tissues does occur and is repaired after the infection and occur and
5、 is repaired after the infection and associatedassociatedvinflammation subside.By contrast,severe sepsis inflammation subside.By contrast,severe sepsis is characterized by dissemination of is characterized by dissemination of inflammatory mediators(e.g.circulating inflammatory mediators(e.g.circulat
6、ing cytokines)cytokines)r resulting in widespread activation of the immune systemesulting in widespread activation of the immune systemesulting in widespread activation of the immune systemesulting in widespread activation of the immune system distal to the original site of infection,the clinical di
7、stal to the original site of infection,the clinical distal to the original site of infection,the clinical distal to the original site of infection,the clinical manifestations of which are commonly referred to as the manifestations of which are commonly referred to as the manifestations of which are
8、commonly referred to as the manifestations of which are commonly referred to as the systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS).SIRS is systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS).SIRS is systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS).SIRS is systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS).SIRS is
9、often complicated by systemic hypotension and tissue often complicated by systemic hypotension and tissue often complicated by systemic hypotension and tissue often complicated by systemic hypotension and tissue hypoperfusion(shock),and direct(e.g.TNFa-mediated)hypoperfusion(shock),and direct(e.g.TN
10、Fa-mediated)hypoperfusion(shock),and direct(e.g.TNFa-mediated)hypoperfusion(shock),and direct(e.g.TNFa-mediated)cell injury,which ultimately leads to multiple organ dysfunction cell injury,which ultimately leads to multiple organ dysfunction cell injury,which ultimately leads to multiple organ dysfu
11、nction cell injury,which ultimately leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS),and in many cases death.syndrome(MODS),and in many cases death.syndrome(MODS),and in many cases death.syndrome(MODS),and in many cases death.一、概述一、概述MMDSMMDS的提出:的提出:早在早在早在早在1996199619961996年就有学者认识到:年就有学者认识到:年就有学者认
12、识到:年就有学者认识到:微循环障碍是脓毒症的显著特征,微循环障碍是脓毒症的显著特征,且伴有局部且伴有局部且伴有局部且伴有局部组织氧利用障碍和血流灌注受损。组织氧利用障碍和血流灌注受损。组织氧利用障碍和血流灌注受损。组织氧利用障碍和血流灌注受损。后来人们利用新的医学成像技术和临床试验表明:后来人们利用新的医学成像技术和临床试验表明:后来人们利用新的医学成像技术和临床试验表明:后来人们利用新的医学成像技术和临床试验表明:脓毒症中所产生的脓毒症中所产生的脓毒症中所产生的脓毒症中所产生的致病因子对微循环大部分细胞组致病因子对微循环大部分细胞组致病因子对微循环大部分细胞组致病因子对微循环大部分细胞组分都
13、有影响,分都有影响,分都有影响,分都有影响,证实了证实了证实了证实了微循环在脓毒症和循环休克中微循环在脓毒症和循环休克中微循环在脓毒症和循环休克中微循环在脓毒症和循环休克中所起的关键作用。所起的关键作用。所起的关键作用。所起的关键作用。Sepsis is Sepsis is a disorder of a disorder of the microcirculation.the microcirculation.一、概述一、概述MMDSMMDS的概念的概念微循环和线粒体窘迫综合征(微循环和线粒体窘迫综合征(microcirculatory and microcirculatory and mi
14、tochondrial distress syndrome,MMDSmitochondrial distress syndrome,MMDS):指当局部组):指当局部组织缺血缺氧不能及时纠正时,使得组织细胞氧供不足,织缺血缺氧不能及时纠正时,使得组织细胞氧供不足,线粒体无法进行内呼吸,组织氧化障碍进一步加重微线粒体无法进行内呼吸,组织氧化障碍进一步加重微循环功能障碍,从而导致器官功能衰竭。循环功能障碍,从而导致器官功能衰竭。这一概念,使人们对脓毒症发病机制的认识进入了一这一概念,使人们对脓毒症发病机制的认识进入了一个新的阶段个新的阶段二、二、脓毒症中微循环功能的改变脓毒症中微循环功能的改变脓毒
15、症时微循环功能障碍脓毒症时微循环功能障碍人体供氧过程人体供氧过程 肺肺-肺循环肺循环 体循环体循环 毛细血管毛细血管-组织细胞组织细胞 气体交换气体交换气体交换气体交换 氧输送氧输送氧输送氧输送 气体交换气体交换气体交换气体交换 DODODODO2 2 2 2 DODODODO2 2 2 2 VOVOVOVO2 2 2 2,AOAOAOAO2 2 2 2 外呼吸外呼吸外呼吸外呼吸 内呼吸内呼吸内呼吸内呼吸 ARDSARDSARDSARDS SHOCKSHOCKSHOCKSHOCK MMDSMMDSMMDSMMDS二、二、脓毒症中微循环功能的改变脓毒症中微循环功能的改变微循环功能障碍表现:微循环
16、功能障碍表现:微动脉的低反应性(包括血管舒缩物质及血管内皮介导微动脉的低反应性(包括血管舒缩物质及血管内皮介导微动脉的低反应性(包括血管舒缩物质及血管内皮介导微动脉的低反应性(包括血管舒缩物质及血管内皮介导的舒缩反应);的舒缩反应);的舒缩反应);的舒缩反应);微血管内皮屏障损害引起的毛细血管通透性增加;微血管内皮屏障损害引起的毛细血管通透性增加;微血管内皮屏障损害引起的毛细血管通透性增加;微血管内皮屏障损害引起的毛细血管通透性增加;内皮细胞粘附效应的增强;内皮细胞粘附效应的增强;内皮细胞粘附效应的增强;内皮细胞粘附效应的增强;出凝血调节机制的紊乱;出凝血调节机制的紊乱;出凝血调节机制的紊乱;
17、出凝血调节机制的紊乱;有效毛细血管血流减少,灌注不良毛细血管比例的增加。有效毛细血管血流减少,灌注不良毛细血管比例的增加。有效毛细血管血流减少,灌注不良毛细血管比例的增加。有效毛细血管血流减少,灌注不良毛细血管比例的增加。微循环功能已作为判断脓毒症预后的关键指标。微循环功能已作为判断脓毒症预后的关键指标。二、脓毒症中微循环功能的改变二、脓毒症中微循环功能的改变1 1、内皮细胞的作用、内皮细胞的作用 内皮细胞感受物理或化学信号,分泌相关因子调节血管舒内皮细胞感受物理或化学信号,分泌相关因子调节血管舒内皮细胞感受物理或化学信号,分泌相关因子调节血管舒内皮细胞感受物理或化学信号,分泌相关因子调节血管
18、舒缩、出凝血功能、细胞粘附、及血管壁的炎症反应等。缩、出凝血功能、细胞粘附、及血管壁的炎症反应等。缩、出凝血功能、细胞粘附、及血管壁的炎症反应等。缩、出凝血功能、细胞粘附、及血管壁的炎症反应等。脓毒症对内皮细胞影响有如下几方面:脓毒症对内皮细胞影响有如下几方面:脓毒症对内皮细胞影响有如下几方面:脓毒症对内皮细胞影响有如下几方面:促进微循环血栓的形成;促进微循环血栓的形成;促进微循环血栓的形成;促进微循环血栓的形成;产生血管活性因子调节血管张力;产生血管活性因子调节血管张力;产生血管活性因子调节血管张力;产生血管活性因子调节血管张力;产生促凝活性的微粒,促进凝血发生;产生促凝活性的微粒,促进凝血
19、发生;产生促凝活性的微粒,促进凝血发生;产生促凝活性的微粒,促进凝血发生;炎症级联反应诱导内皮细胞凋亡。炎症级联反应诱导内皮细胞凋亡。炎症级联反应诱导内皮细胞凋亡。炎症级联反应诱导内皮细胞凋亡。血管通透性增加和内皮屏障功能的丧失;血管通透性增加和内皮屏障功能的丧失;血管通透性增加和内皮屏障功能的丧失;血管通透性增加和内皮屏障功能的丧失;Sepsis is a disorder of the microcirculationvMuch of the pathophysiology of sepsis canMuch of the pathophysiology of sepsis can be
20、explained within the microcirculatory unit be explained within the microcirculatory unit the terminal arteriole,the capillary bed,and the terminal arteriole,the capillary bed,and the postcapillary venule.The arteriole is where the postcapillary venule.The arteriole is where the characteristic vasodi
21、lation and vasopressor the characteristic vasodilation and vasopressor hyporesponsiveness of sepsis occurs.hyporesponsiveness of sepsis occurs.v The capillarybed is where the effects of The capillarybed is where the effects of endothelialendothelial cell activation/dysfunction are most pronounced an
22、d cell activation/dysfunction are most pronounced and microvascular thromboses are formed.microvascular thromboses are formed.The postcapillary venule is where leukocyte The postcapillary venule is where leukocyte trafficking is most disorderedleukocytes trafficking is most disorderedleukocytes adhe
23、re to the vessel wall,aggregate,and further adhere to the vessel wall,aggregate,and further impair flow through the microcirculation.impair flow through the microcirculation.(From Trzeciak S,Cinel I,Phillip Dellinger R,et al.(From Trzeciak S,Cinel I,Phillip Dellinger R,et al.Resuscitating the microc
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