新托福写作语言技能：遣词.doc

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1、新托福写作语言技能：遣词朗阁海外考试研究中心新托福写作的评分标准和雅思写作的评分标准基本相似，在语言上的考察点也很高，所以新托福考试在语言上一定要引起高度的重视。词汇的重要性，包括遣词和造句两个方面。这一系列中，朗阁海外考试研究中心写作组的专家将为大家介绍其中之一，如何达到遣词的高分。遣词要做到恰当、有变化及具体表达I恰当所谓恰当，除了拼写准确外，主要是体现在搭配恰当上。例如，修饰名词的形容词和名词必须搭配恰当，动词和宾语必须搭配恰当。此外，写作时不能完全依赖翻译，尤其是词不达意的翻译。否则，很有可能出现了错误的搭配，导致考官无法理解，下面是朗阁海外考试研究中心总结的一些常见的搭配错误：1.

2、prompt &promote不少考生没法区分两个词prompt（促使）和promote（促进）之间的区别。我们通过两个句子来看一下。错误用法：There are three factors that promote people to go abroad.正确用法：There are three factors that prompt people to go abroad. 2. enrich & make prosper有些学生将enrich理解为“使 富裕”，虽然不能说全错，但是现在主要的意思是“使 丰富”，如词组：enrich ones experience。错误用法：Factori

3、es, which enrich the remote areas for example, may also lead to environmental problems.正确用法：Factories which make the remote areas prosper, for example, may also lead to environmental problems.3. train & develop表示“培养，养成”等意思时，容易不假思索地使用train，但是正确的词汇是develop, cultivate, nurture等。如：错误用法：The younger gener

4、ations are hoped to train their independence as soon as possible.正确用法：The younger generations are hoped to develop their independence as soon as possible.II有变化所谓有变化，就是指考生在写作中，一个词最好只出现一次，第二次或后几次出现时用其他的词来替换。替换的方法有同义词，语法结构的变化，以及下义词等方法。下面朗阁海外考试研究中心将为考生们一一讲解。1. 同义词关于老年人的话题在新托福考试中曾经出现过，情况对“老年人”的多样表达：the e

5、lderly, the old, the aged, ageing population, the retired, senior citizens下面是新托福材料中，摘抄的两段话，非常形象的体现了一个词的多样表达，先看第一段，请大家注意“奇怪的”这个词在这一段话中的使用：Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything abo

6、ut the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?又如，在下文中，四个词形式不同

7、，但都是“显著的”意思。In 1900, the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy. The population of Los Angeles( in 1

8、900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles.为了做到用词有变化，朗阁海外考试研究中心为大家列举了托福写作中最常用的一些词的同义表达：同意v:accede to, agree with/on, approve of, consent to, sub

9、scribe to, side with认为v:consider, deem, figure, reckon, believe, think, say, hold, claim, assume, argue, maintain, contend, assert, state, declare影响n:impact, influence, effect, implication, affection因素n:factor, contributor, ingredient, element促进v:enhance, improve, promote, boost， advance, further培养v

10、:cultivate, foster, develop, nurture重要的adj:important, critical, crucial, major, essential, vital, main, pivotal明显的adj:manifest, apparent, evident, obvious大量的adj:myriads of, a host of, a multitude of, a great deal of, a vast number of(+cn) , a vast amount of (+un), a plenty of, a wide range of, a gre

11、at variety of2. 语法结构的变化语法的变化指的是，将一个词从语法结构上做一个变化来体现多样性，常见的有词性变化，从句和分词的转变等等。请看下面的例子：energy consumption = energy which is consumed = energy consumedthe production of ozone-damaging gases = the amount of gases which are produced to damage the ozone layer3.下义词所谓下义关系，亦称种属关系，就是指几个单词的词义属于另一个词的词义范畴。充分利用下义关系是

12、强化单词记忆的好方法，这在复习阶段尤其如此。1).Color其下义词有：white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, orange等；2).Subject的下义词有：maths, physics, chemistry, politics, Chinese, biology等；3).profession其下义词有：doctor, teacher, accountant, president, lawyer等；4).means of transportation其下义词有：car, bus, subway, bicycle, ship等。以上介绍的三

13、种方法对考生的同意转换能力提供参考。III具体表达中国学生对词汇的运用或观点的表达都喜欢用笼统的概括的表达方法，然而这和新托福的用词要求是不吻合的。外国人在表示任何一个对象的时候都是非常具体的。1).笼统：This room is good.具体：The room is clean, spacious and well-decorated. 第一句很空洞，说完后不会给人留下任何印象，是一句废话，然而第二句胜在具体，能够将房间具体好在哪些方面反映出来，这也是托福写作所要求的具体表达。2).笼统：It is said that a magnificent building was destroyed yesterday.具体：The local news says that the University Inn was burnt down last night.第一句的笼统在两个词，一是magnificent, 二是was destroyed, 如果将这个楼和被破坏的具体方式体现出来，会更生动形象。