高三英语语法复习讲座---动词的时态和语态.doc

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1、 高三英语语法复习讲座-动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态的考查是高考最为重要的一项，也是历年来失分最多的一项。失分的根本原因是没能正确把握各个时态的运用语境。动词的语态常和时态在一起考查，试题常从三个角度出题：1直接给出时间状语，可以根据时间状语做出选择2给出时间状语，但所给的时间状语有较强的干扰性和迷惑性题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能做出正确判断动词的时态：时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，其中常见的有种：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一般过去将来时，现在进行时过去进行时，现在

2、完成时，过去完成时，现在完成进行时下面以do为例：一般进行完成完成进行现在 do, doesam/is/are doinghave/has donehave/has been doing过去didWas/were doinghad donehad been doing将来 will/shall do will/shall be doing will/shall have donewill/shall have been doing 过去将来would/should dowould/should be doingwould/should have donewould/should have be

3、en doing1、动词时态考查要点简述（1）一般现在时考点分析表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.Water boils at 100oC.表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Ice feels cold.We always care for each other and help each other.表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、t

4、aste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong、 seem等。如：I know what you mean.Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.2 Middle School.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my fami

5、ly will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.（2）一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的

6、时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：I met her in the street yesterday.I once saw the famous star here.They never drank wine.I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt.如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示两

7、个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般过去时的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that?I didnt know it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother befo

8、re.I didnt recognize him.（3）一般将来时考点分析。表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。表示一种趋向或习惯动作。Well die without air or water.表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。be going to与will / shall do, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已

9、做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.(正确)If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等,含有注定会发生的意思A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do sth.表示

10、“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语。常和when连用Autumn harvest is about to start.I was about to go out when it began to rain.（4）现在进行时考点分析。表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：It is raining now.He is teaching English and learning Chinese.I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.We are leaving on Frid

11、ay.At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain,

12、 seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。（5）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20

13、,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。（C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher ha

14、d died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时

15、。After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.（6）过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。（7）过去进行时考点分析。过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引

16、导的时间状语从句中。（8）现在完成时考点分析。现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成时This(That / It)is the only + that + 完成时This(that / It)is the best

17、/ finest / most interesting + that 从句 + 完成时在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.（9）注意几组时态的区别：一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last

18、 year、just now、the other day等。结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。2、被动语态考查要点简述被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个

19、问题。主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day l

20、ong(by the boss)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两

21、种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.类似句型有：It is sa

22、id / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that （2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、look like、consist of等。表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词

23、等谓语动词不用被动语态。有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，表示主语的性能，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock 、read 、tear、burn、等。The door wont lock.门锁不上。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。（3）主动形式表被动意义。当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时； My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。The fish smells go

24、od.鱼闻起来香。当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy

25、 to get along with.另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated坐着He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。be hidden躲藏He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。be lost迷路be drunk喝醉be dressed穿着The girl was dressed in a red short

26、skirt.（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.(系表结构)高考试题解析：选择填空1.”life is like walking in the snow”, Granny used to say, “because every step _.”（2012年全国新课标）A. has shown B. is showing C. shows D. showed 解析： 答案为C、此题考查一般现在时，说明客观事实。2.I

27、 had been walking on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers _ before my eyes. （2012年全国新课标）A. swim B. swum C. swam D. had swum解析：答案为 C、此题考查一般过去时，说明过去的情况。3.Planning so far ahead _no sense -so many thing will have changed by next year. （2011年全国新课标）A. made B. is making C. makes D. has made解析：答案为 C

28、.此题考查一般现在时，说明客观事实。4.I wasnt sure if he was really interested or if he _ polite.（2011年全国新课标）A. was just being B. will just be C. had just been D. would just be解析：答案为 A、此题考查一般过去进行时，说明过去某一时刻的情况。1.-Have you finished reading Jane Eyre? (NMET 2010)-No, I _ my homework all day yesterday.A.was doing B.would

29、 do C.had done D.do解析：答案为A。此题考查现在完成时及过去进行时的用法。句意为:你读了吗？没有，昨天一整天都在做。2.-Have you known Dr.Jackson for a long time ? (NMET 2008) -Yes,since she_the Chinese Society.A.has joined B.joins C.had joined D.joined解析：答案为D。此题考查现在完成时及一般过去时的用法。句意为“你认识很长时间了吗？是的，自从她参加中国社团。也就是从过去的动作到现在，动作发生在过去则用一般过去时。3.The wet weath

30、er will continue tomorrow,when a cold front_ to arrive.(NMET2008) A.is expected B.is expecting C.expects D.will be expected解析：答案是A。此题考查一般现在时的被动语态的用法。应用主句是将来时，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时的原则，同时句子的主语是动作的承受者，要用被动语态。4. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.(NMET 20

31、01)A.is changing B.has changed C.will have changed D.will change解析：答案为A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事，因为科技发展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况，而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态，不是在过去，也不是在将来，因此只能用现在进行时表达。5. All the preparations for the task _, and were ready to start.（2000年春季高考）A.completed B.completeC.had been completed D.have been completed解析：答案为D。现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从and were ready to start句意可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词，与句子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达。注意分清complete与主语之间的关系；结合语境选择正确时态。