外文翻译资料及译文.docx

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1、附录C：外文翻译资料Article Source：Business & Commercial Aviation, Nov 20, 2000. 5-87-88 Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals Electronic publications can increase the efficiency of your digital aircraft and analog technicians.Benoff, DaveComputerized technical manuals are silently revolutionizing the airc

2、raft maintenance industry by helping the technician isolate problems quickly, and in the process reduce downtime and costs by more than 10 percent.These electronic publications can reduce the numerous volumes of maintenance manuals, microfiche and work cards that are used to maintain engines, airfra

3、mes, avionics and their associated components. As compared with the paper manuals, electronic publications give us greater detail and reduced research times, said Chuck Fredrickson, general manager of Mercury Air Center in Fort Wayne, Ind. With all the advances in computer hardware and software tech

4、nologies, such as high quality digital multimedia, hypertext and the capability to store and transmit digital multimedia via CD-ROMs/ networks, technical publication companies have found an effective, cost-efficient method to disseminate data to technicians. The solution for many operators and OEMs

5、is to take advantage of todays technology in the form of Electronic Technical Manuals (ETM) or Interactive Technical Manuals (IETM). An ETM is any technical manual prepared in digital format that has the ability to be displayed using any electronic hardware media. The difference between the types of

6、 ETM/IETMs is the embedded functionality and implementation of the data. The only drawback we had to using ETMs was getting enough computers to meet our technicians demand, said Walter Berchtold, vice president of maintenance at Jet Aviations West Palm Beach, Fla., facility. A growing concern is the

7、 cost to print paper publications. In an effort to reduce costs, some aircraft manufacturers are offering incentives for owners to switch from paper to electronic publications. With an average printing cost of around 10 cents per page, a typical volume of a paper technical manual can cost the manufa

8、cturer over $800 for each copy. When producing a publication electronically, average production costs for a complete set of aircraft manuals are approximately $20 per copy. It is not hard to see the cost advantages of electronic publications.Another advantage of ETMs is the ease of updating informat

9、ion. With a paper copy, the manufacturer has to reprint the revised pages and mail copies to all the owners. When updates are necessary for an electronic manual, changes can either be e-mailed to the owners or downloaded from the manufacturers Web site. So why havent more flight departments converte

10、d their publications to ETM/IETMs? The answer lies in convincing technicians that electronic publications can increase their efficiency. We had an initial learning curve when the technicians switched over, but now that they are familiar with the software they never want to go back to paper, said Fre

11、drickson. A large majority of corporate technicians also said that while they like the concept of having a tool that aids the troubleshooting process, they are fearful to give up all of their marked-up paper manuals. In 1987, a human factors study was conducted by the U.S. government to compare tech

12、nician troubleshooting effectiveness, between paper and electronic methodology, and included expert troubleshooting procedures with guidance through the events. Results of the project indicated that technicians using electronic media took less than half the time to complete their tasks than those us

13、ing the paper method, and technicians using the electronic method accomplished 65 percent more in that reduced time. The report also noted that new technicians using the electronic technical manuals were 12-percent more efficient than the older, more experienced technicians. (Novices using paper too

14、k 15 percent longer than the experts.) It is interesting that 90 percent of the technicians who used the electronic manuals said they preferred them to the paper versions. This proved to the industry that with proper training, the older technicians could easily transition from paper to electronic me

15、dia. Electronic publications are not a new concept, although how they are applied today is. Research over the last 20 years has provided a solid foundation for todays IETM implementation, said Joseph Fuller of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center. IETMs such as those for the Apache, Comanche, F-22,

16、 JSTAR and V-22 have progressed from concept to military and commercial implementation. In the late 1970s, the U.S. military investigated the feasibility of converting existing paper and microfilm. The Navy Technical Information Presentation System (NTIPS) and the Air Force Computer- based Maintenan

17、ce Aid System (CMAS) were implemented with significant cost savings. The report stated that transition to electronic publications resulted in reductions in corrective maintenance time, fewer false removals of good components, more accurate and complete maintenance data collection reports, reduction

18、in training requirements and reduced system downtime. The problem that the military encountered was ETMs were created in multiple levels of complexity with little to no standardization. Options for publications range from simple page-turning programs to full-functioning automated databases. This res

19、ulted in the classification of ETMs so that the best type of electronic publication could be selected for the proper application. Choosing a Level With all of the OEM and second- and third-party electronic publications that are available it is important that you choose the application level that is

20、appropriate for your operation. John J. Miller, BAE Systems manager of electronic publications, told B/CA that When choosing the level of an ETM/IETM, things like complexity of the aircraft and its systems, ease of use, currency of data and commonality of data should be the deciding factors; and, of

21、 course, price. If operational and support costs are reduced when you purchase a full-functioning IETM, then you should purchase the better system. Miller is an expert on the production, sustainment and emerging technologies associated with electronic publications, and was the manager of publication

22、s for Boeing in Philadelphia. Electronic publications are classified in one of five categories. A Class 1 publication is a basic electronic page turner that allows you to view the maintenance manual as it was printed. With a Class 2 publication all the original text of the manual is viewed as one co

23、ntinuous page with no page breaks. In Class 3, 4 and 5 publications the maintenance manual is viewed on a computer in a frame-based environment with increasing options as the class changes. (See sidebar.) Choosing the appropriate ETM for your operation is typically limited to whatever is being offer

24、ed on the market, but since 1991 human factors reports state the demand has increased and, therefore, options are expected to follow. ETM/IETM Providers Companies that create ETM/IETMs are classified as either OEM or second party provider. Class 1, 3 and 4 ETM/IETMs are the most commonly used electr

25、onic publications for business and commercial operators and costs can range anywhere from $100 to $3,000 for each ETM/ IETM. The following are just a few examples of ETM/IETMs that are available on the market. Dassault Falcon Jet offers operators of the Falcon 50/50EX, 900/900EX and 2000 a Class 4 I

26、ETM called the Falcon Integrated Electronic Library by Dassault (FIELD). Produced in conjunction with Sogitec Industries in Suresnes Cedex, France, the electronic publication contains service documentation, basic wiring, recommended maintenance and TBO schedules, maintenance manual, tools manual, se

27、rvice bulletins, maintenance and repair manual, and avionics manual. The FIELD software allows the user to view the procedures and hot- link directly to the Illustrated parts catalog. The software also enables the user to generate discrepancy forms, quotation sheets, annotations in the manual and sp

28、ecific preferences for each user. BAEs Miller said most of the IETM presentation systems have features called Technical Notes. If a user of the electronic publication notices a discrepancy or needs to annotate the manual for future troubleshooting, the user can add a Tech Note (an electronic mark-up

29、) to the step or procedure and save it to the base document. The next time that or another user is in the procedure, clicking on the tech note icon launches a pop-up screen displaying the previous technicians comments. The same electronic transfer of tech notes can be sent to other devices by using

30、either a docking station or through a network server. In addition, systems also can use personal notes similar to technical notes that are assigned ID codes that only the authoring technician can access. Requirements for the FIELD software include the minimum of a 16X CD-ROM drive, Pentium II 200 MH

31、z computer, Windows 95, Internet Explorer 4 SP 1 and Database Access V3.5 or higher. Raytheon offers owners of Beech and Hawker aircraft a Class 4 IETM called Raytheon Electronic Publication Systems (REPS). The REPS software links the frame-based procedures with the parts catalog using a single CD-R

32、OM. Raytheon Aircraft Technical Publications said other in- production Raytheon aircraft manual sets will be converted to the REPS format, with the goal of having all of them available by 2001. In addition Raytheon offers select Component Maintenance Manuals (CMM). The Class 1 ETM is a stand-alone p

33、age-turner electronic manual that utilizes the PDF format of Adobe Acrobat. Other manufacturers including Bombardier, Cessna and Gulfstream offer operators similar online and PDF documentation using a customer- accessed Web account. Boeing is one manufacturer that has developed an onboard Class 5 IE

34、TM. Called the Computerized Fault Reporting System (CFRS), it has replaced the F-15 U.S. Air Force Fault Reporting Manuals. Technologies that are currently being applied to Boeings military system are expected to eventually become a part of the corporate environment. The CFRS system determines re-po

35、rtable faults by analyzing information entered during a comprehensive aircrew debrief along with electronically recovered maintenance data from the Data Transfer Module (DTM). After debrief the technicians can review aircraft faults and schedule maintenance work to be performed. The maintenance task

36、 is assigned a Job Control Number (JCN) and is forwarded electronically to the correct work center or shop. Appropriate information is provided to the Air Forces Core Automated Maintenance System (CAMS). When a fault is reported by pilot debrief, certain aircraft systems have the fault isolation pro

37、cedural data on a Portable Maintenance Aid (PMA). The JCN is selected on a hardened laptop with a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) connection to the CFRS LAN infrastructure. The Digital Wiring Data System (DWDS) displays aircraft wiring diagrams to the maintenance technician for wiring fault isolat

38、ion. On completion of maintenance, the data collected is provided to the Air Force, Boeing and vendors for system analysis. Third party IETM developers such as BAE Systems and Dayton T. Brown offer OEMs the ability to subcontract out the development of Class 1 through 5 ETM/IETMs. For example, Advan

39、text, Inc. offers PDF and IPDF Class 1 ETMs for manufacturers such as Piper and Bell Helicopters. Technical publications that are available include maintenance manuals, parts catalogs, service bulletins, wiring diagrams, service letters and interactive parts ordering forms. The difference between th

40、e PDF and IPDF version is that the IPDF version has the ability to search for text and include hyperlinks. A Class 1 ETM, when printed, is an exact reproduction of the OEM manuals, including any misspellings or errors. Minimum requirements for the Advantext technical publications is a 486 processor,

41、 16 MB RAM with 14 MB of free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better. Aircraft Technical Publishers (ATP) offers Class 1, 2 and 3 ETM/ IETMs for the Beechjet 400/400A; King Air 300/ 350, 200 and 90; Learjet 23/24/25/28/ 29/35/36/55; Socata TB9/10/20/21 and TBM 700A; Sabreliner 265-65, -70 and -80

42、; and Beech 1900. The libraries can include maintenance manuals, Illustrated parts bulletins, wiring manuals, Airworthiness Directives, Service Bulletins, component maintenance manuals and structural maintenance manuals. System minimum requirements are Pentium 133 MHz, Windows 95 with 16 MB RAM, 25

43、MB free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better. Additional providers such as Galaxy Scientific are providing ETM/ IETMs to the FAA. This Class 2, 3 and 4 publication browser is used to store, display and edit documentation for the Human Factors Section of the administration. Clearly IETMs have mo

44、ved from research to reality, said Fuller, and the future looks to hold more promise. The Future of Tech Pubs The use of ETM/IETMs on laptop and desktop computers has led research and development corporations to investigate the human interface options to the computer. Elements that affect how a tech

45、nician can interface with a computer are the work environment, economics and ease of use. Organizations such as the Office of Naval Research have focused their efforts on the following needs of technicians: - Adaptability to the environment. - Ease of use. - Improved presentation of complex system r

46、elationship. - Maximum reuse and distribution of engineering data. - Intelligent data access. With these factors in mind, exploratory development has begun in the areas of computer vision, augmented reality display and speech recognition. Computer vision can be created using visual feedback from a h

47、ead- mounted camera. The camera identifies the relative position and orientation of an object in an observed scene, and the object is used to correlate the object with a three-dimensional model. In order for a computer vision scenario to work, engineering data has to be provided through visually com

48、patible software. When systems such as Sogitechs View Tech electronic publication browser and Dassault Systemes SAs Enovia are combined, a virtual 3D model is generated. The digital mockup allows the engineering information to directly update the technical publication information. If a system such a

49、s CATIA could be integrated into a Video Reference System (VRS), then it could be possible that a technician would point the camera to the aircraft component, the digital model identifies the component and the IETM automatically displays the appropriate information. This example of artificial intelligence is already under development at companies like Boeing and Dassault. An augment