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1、欣赏美文 以读促写以人教版 Go for it!教材为例浙江省温州二中 吴莎莎浙江省苍南灵溪一中 姚仁环选自中小学英语教学与研究2012年3期一、引言在教学实践中,笔者发现初中学生对英语写作有畏难情绪,他们经常感到无从下笔,写出来的短文或者结构松散,或者语法错误百出,或者词汇匮乏,或者句式单调。全日制义务教育英语课程标准(实验稿)(教育部,2003;以下简称课标)指出:语言技能是构成语言交际能力的重要组成部分。语言技能包括听、说、读、写四个方面的技能以及这四种技能的综合运用能力。听和读是理解的技能,说和写是表达的技能。这四种技能在语言学习和交际中相辅相成、相互促进。读和写虽然是两种不同的语言能
2、力,各自具有独立性,但它们之间又是相互关联的。阅读是语言的感知和理解过程,是语言的输入。英语写作是运用从阅读中习得的语言知识和写作技巧把自己的思想表达出来的交际形式,学生除了要具有一定的遣词造句、连句成篇的能力外,还必须具有从整体上构思、合理布局、逻辑性地表达自己思想的能力,而这种能力的形成与阅读水平的提高有着密切的关系。因此,为了提高学生的英语写作能力,教师应该在培养学生阅读理解能力的同时,让学生感受英语语言之美,感悟英语语言运用之妙,让学生反复使用学到的语言知识和写作技巧,进而促进写作能力,达到初步表达自己思想的目的。二、Go for it! 教材阅读材料的特点人教版Go for it!
3、教材为阅读欣赏提供了大量的材料。教材在读写方面的编排主要包括三个部分:Section B的3a、3b、3c。一般而言,Go for it ! 教材Section B的3a是一篇短文,3b是一篇与3a相仿的短文,要求学生填写短语、单句或一段话来完成这篇短文,而3C则要求学生写一篇类似3a的短文。这是一个以读促写的思路,旨在让学生在阅读中模仿,先是提供支架帮助学生完成短文,然后逐步放手让学生独立完成,最后达到创造性地表达思想的目的。因此,笔者认为在阅读教学中,我们要在正确解读教材的基础上采用恰当的教学方式,在阅读教学中有意识地指导学生进行语言欣赏,以达到以读促写的目的。三、以读促写的教学途径在平时
4、的阅读教学中,我们发现很多教师只关注学生对文章的理解,在学生理解文章之后,阅读教学就宣告结束。但是,笔者认为阅读教学要紧扣课标和教材设计意图,在学生理解文章的基础上,引导他们去感受英语语言之美,感悟语言运用之妙,以达到促进写作能力的目的。下面笔者将从五个方面谈谈以读促写的教学途径。 1.删一删,欣赏语言表达的丰富和生动在教学中,笔者采取删除的方法,删掉课文中那些补充说明的内容,让学生在对比中感悟作者是如何把简单的内容写得丰富而生动的。例如,Go for it!七年级上册 Unit 2 Section B 3a 中的阅读文章:Its Tuesday, November 11. Im really
5、 busy! At 8:00 I have math. I dont like math. Then at 9:00 I have science. Its difficult, but interesting. Next, At 10:00, I have art. Its boring, but at 11:00 I have P.E. Thats my favorite subject! I eat lunch at 12:00. After lunch, I have music. Music is relaxing. I like my music teacher, Mr. Coop
6、er. Hes fun. My last class is at 2:00. After class I have volleyball for two hours. Our teacher is very strict and Im usually very tired after class. Then I have Chinese history club. Its really interesting!在教学这篇课文时,笔者删去文中斜体字部分,使课文变成以下内容:At 8:00 I have math. Then at 9:00 I have science. Next, at 10:
7、00, I have art. But at 11:00 I have P.E. I eat lunch at 12:00. After lunch, I have music. My last class is at 2:00. After class I have volleyball for two hours. Then I have Chinese history club.然后,笔者让学生朗读和对比这两段短文。经过对比,学生一致认为原来的课文内容更丰富,表达更生动。在学生进行对比之后,笔者继续引导学生观察课文是如何做到这一点的。在教师的点拨之中,学生发现课文的每个要点之后都有适当的
8、补充说明。于是,笔者将学生的发现归纳为“1+ n ”( n 指补充或进一步说明的内容),而且笔者强调初始阶段“n3”,也就是说,补充说明的内容不宜过多,否则会导致本末倒置。2.改一改,欣赏词汇使用的灵活和多样针对学生书面表达中词汇使用单调的情况,笔者在教学中通过修改词汇的方法来指导学生欣赏课文用词的多样性。例如,Go for it! 九年级Unit 11中的Section B 3a中有这样一段文字:There are three museums! Teenagers love the Sports Museum and kids enjoy the Science Museum. Parent
9、s will spend many happy hours walking through the History Museum.在这三句话中,作者用了三种方式表达“喜欢”,分别是“love”、“enjoy”和“spend many happy hours doing sth.”。笔者在教学中把这三种表达都改为“like”,使这一段文字变成:There are three museums! Teenagers like the Sports Museum and kids like the Science Museum. Parents will like the History Museum
10、.经过这样的处理,学生马上就感受到了原文词汇使用的多样性,也领悟到灵活使用各种同义词的重要性。3.拆一拆,欣赏从句使用的得体和自然为了避免出错,学生在书面表达的开始阶段往往只使用简单句,而不敢轻易尝试各种从句。教师要让学生欣赏各种从句的使用,让学生了解英语句式的多样性。教师可以通过把从句拆成几个简单句的方法来指导学生欣赏课文中从句使用的得体和自然。例如, Go for it! 九年级 unit 8 Section A 3a 中有一句:Not only do 1 feel good about helping other people , hut 1 get to spend time doin
11、g what 1 love to do.教师可以指导学生将其拆成两句:1 feel good about helping other people I also get to spend time doing what 1 love to do.又如, Go for it! 八年级下册 Unit 9 中Section A 3a的第二段中有一句:It has all the normal attractions that you can find at an amusement park , but it also has a theme. 教师同样可以指导学生将其拆成三句:It has all
12、 the normal attractions . You can find the attractions at an amusement park . It also has a theme.教师在指导学生拆分句子之后,要引导学生比较两种表达方式,让他们体会使用从句的优点。同时,在欣赏从句的时候,教师还要引导学生关注从句使用的得体和自然。要让学生知道,只有长句和短句相辅相成,才能使自己的文章更有语言表现力。4.减一减,欣赏语篇连接的流畅和连贯在开始阶段,学生的书面表达往往是句子的堆砌。针对这个特点,教师在阅读教学中要让学生欣赏语篇的连贯性。而欣赏语篇连贯性的关键是关注课文中的连接词。例如,
13、Go for it!八年级上册 unit 5 section A 3a中的阅读文章:Class 9 had great time on school trip. They went to blue water aquarium for the day. First they visited the visitors center and watched a movie about sharks. They watched a dolphin show, after that they went to the outdoor pool and saw a big Octopus. After l
14、unch, they went to the gift shop and bought lots of gifts . Finally, tired but happy , they took the bus back to School. At the end of the day, the science teacher was very happy because the class monitor cleaned the bus after the trip. 教师在教学中可以使用删减连接词的方法,如删除 First, After that, After lunch, Finally,
15、 At the end of the day 等词或短语,使文章变成: Class 9 had great time on school trip. They went to blue water aquarium for the day. They visited the visitors center and watched a movie about sharks. They watched a dolphin show. They went to the outdoor pool and saw a big Octopus. They went to the gift shop and
16、 bought lots of gifts. Tired but happy, they took the bus hack to school. The science teacher was very happy because the class monitor cleaned the bus after the trip. 然后,教师引导学生对比、体会原文与删减后的文章的差别。在对比中,学生感受到原文的流畅和连贯,而删减连接词之后的文章则显得松散。这样,学生就更容易理解使用连接词的必要性和重要性。 5.划一划,欣赏课文结构的谋篇和布局在阅读教学中,教师还要引导学生欣赏课文的谋篇布局。针
17、对人教版 Go for it!教材和初中学生的特点,笔者引导学生关注主题句和文章层次划分两个方面的内容。Go for it! 教材的阅读材料一般都拥有主题句,例如,七年级上册 Units 中的阅读材料: Ed Smith has a great sports collection. He has 8 tennis rackets, 9 basketballs , and 7 base - balls . He has 3 soccer balls and 5 volleyballs . But he doesnt play sports , he only watches then on TV
18、! 又如,七年级上册 Unit6 中的阅读材料:Running star Sandra Clark eats lots of healthy foodFor breakfast , she likes eggs , bananas and apple. For lunch, she likes hamburgers , salad and Pears . And for dinner , she has chicken , tomatoes , French fries and , for dessert , ice cream. 在教学上述课文时,笔者让学生划出主题句(划线部分),让他们感受
19、主题句的重要性。然后,让学生在阅读中体会文章主题句和文章细节之间的关系。经过教师的点拨,学生逐渐明白文章的细节需要围绕主题句进行描写,没有主题句,文章就变成了句子的简单堆砌。随着文章长度的增加,教师在阅读教学中还要引导学生注意句子和段落之间的联系,分清文章的主次,了解并模仿文章的写作结构。例如, Go for it !教材八年级上册 Unit l 的阅读材料: but Im pretty healthy. I exercise every day, usually when I come home from school./My eating habits are pretty good. I
20、 try to eat a lot of vegetables. I eat fruit and drink mike every day. I never drink coffee. Of course, I love junk food too, and I eat it two or three times a week./ Oh, and I sleep nine hours every night. So you see ,I look after my health. And my healthy lifestyle helps me get good grades. Good f
21、ood and exercise help me to study better. 在教这篇课文时,笔者除了让学生划分主题句之外,还让学生划出文章的层次,并试着总结归纳每一层次的主要内容。在教师的启发下,学生很快就把课文分成三个层次(见文中的符号/)并归纳出每一层次的主要内容:exercise /eating habits / sleep。通过划分层次,学生更容易体会到课文那种规范的结构、清楚的条理和严密的逻辑。四、结语以读促写的初中英语阅读教学强调让学生感受英语语言之美,感悟语言运用之妙,进而达到促进学生书面表达能力提高的目的。在具体的教学实践中,教师需要根据课标 不同级别的目标要求和 Go for it!阅读材料不同的文体特点制定教学目标,同时教师还要结合所教学生的学情尤其是书面表达能力的差异选择不同的阅读教学途径,以读促写的阅读教学还需要建立在学生理解课文的基础之上。在阅读教学之后,教师还要根据所学的内容对学生及时进行写作指导和训练,让学生在运用中提升自己的英语写作水平。参考文献:1.教育部全日制义务教育英语课程标准(实验稿),北京师范大学出版社, 2003 年
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