写作Unit5ResearchPaperwriting--byWHZ.ppt

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1、写作Unit5ResearchPaperwriting-byWHZ Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望OutlinenDefinitionnGeneral stepsnSections comprising a research paperDefinitionnA research paper is a presentation of a researchers investigations on a selected topic backed up

2、by the ideas or information of others in the field.Steps to a research paperChoosing the topic Specific topics make better papers than very broad or general ones.A broad topic:The Importance of Economics A specific topic:International Cooperation as Exemplified by the World BankIt is aimed to tell o

3、ther people your findings and claims on a selected topic.Collecting information Bibliographical informationWhen gathering second-hand information,jot down full bibliographical information(author,title,place of publication,publisher,date of publication,page numbers,URLs,creation or modification dates

4、 on Web pages,and your date of access)on your work sheet for later retrieval.Evaluating materials Analyze,synthesize,sort and digest theinformation collected.Outlining the paper An outline helps you to think through your topic carefully and organize it logically before you start writing.A Sample out

5、line I.IntroductionII.Body A.Weight control 1.Aids self-control 2.Burns calories 3.Encourages a healthy diet 4.Suppresses appetite B.Psychological well-being 1.Aids sleep 2.Inhibits depression 3.Intensifies vitalityIII.ConclusionWrite a rough draft;Revise the draft as often as necessary;Edit the for

6、mat of the text,citations,notes and bibliography according to the requirements of a journal you want to contribute this paper.Writing the paperOverview of a Research PapernThe front matternThe body nThe end matter The front matter Title:Research theme Authors name(s)Abstract:Conceptional description

7、(the scope);Procedures and methodology;Main findings,conclusion and implications or suggestionskey words:Terms to generalize research concerns The bodyIntroductionmethod results or findings discussion and conclusionIntroductionThe purpose and background of present studyThe scope and focus to develop

8、 the studyProblems,argumentation and hypothesis MethodTheoretical framework or models and research designExperimental apparatus and proceduresDescriptions of data treatment Results or FindingsFigures(graphs,tables and diagrams)Generalization of the resultsComments or explanations of the results Disc

9、ussion and ConclusionA brief review of original hypothesis and other researchers findingsHighlights or further explanations of the findings of the present studyLimitations of the dstudySuggesting implications The end matterreferences and appendixes Following one of the two main types of reference fo

10、rmats:APA and MLA Abstract WritingAn abstract describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper.An abstract has to be interesting and informative.As electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding research papers in many subject areas today,abstra

11、cts have become increasingly important.So everything relevant to potential readers should be in the abstract.Two types of abstractInformative abstract extracts everything relevant from the paper,including the primary research objective or purpose,method employed in solving the problems,principal fin

12、dings or results,and major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper.Descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.But it does not capture the specific content of the paper,owing to which it is less common.Structure of

13、 an informative abstractBackgroundWhy do you want to do the research?Research question What question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?MethodHow(what material,what method,and what procedures do you get answers to your research question?ResultsWhat is your answer t

14、o the question?ConclusionWhat implications does the answer imply?Features of an abstractConciseObjectiveConsistent CompleteBriefUseful expressionsTo define the background and argument of the present studyAlthough(the research subject),(the related problem)is as yet undetermined.(The research subject

15、);however,(the related problem)remains unsolved.(Problems in certain research area)are,yet(the present solution)has frequently been questioned,becauseWhile(the debate on certain research subject)seems to,(the present agreement)is still problematic.(Previous studies)have examined,(the related problem

16、)is that,despiteThis paper advances the view thatThe purpose/intention of this paper is thatThe primary goal/aim of this paper is thatThe work/investigation presented in this paper focuses onThis research is designed to determine/measure/evaluateThe author intends/attempts to outline the framework o

17、f/obtain some knowledge ofTo state the purpose of the present studyTo present results,findings and conclusionThe results are as followsThe results of the experiment indicate/suggest that;it is also found thatThe analysis of the sample indicates thatThe data obtained seem to be very similar to those

18、reported earlier byIt is concluded that;the results also imply the further study intoThese findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion thatBased on/upon the outcome/findings of the research,As a result of the current experiments,we conclude thatThe author points out/recommends/con

19、cludes thatIn summing up it may be stated thatAll the preliminary results throw light on the nature ofThese findings of the research have naturally led the author to the conclusion thatReferencesEmbedding the own work in related literature is one of the essential parts of research paper writing.So t

20、here are citations of literatures in the text,which is called in-text citation,as well as a list of references which have been cited in the text at the end of the paper,which is called“References”in APA style or“Works cited”in MLA style.Structures of referenceThe most widely used reference styles ar

21、e APA(American Psychological Association)and MLA(Modern language Association)styles.APA style is most frequently used in journal papers of Social and Natural Sciences while MLA style is used in many papers of Liberal Arts and Humanities.(http:/www.apa.org,http:/www.mla.org)APA styleIn-text citation.

22、Journals adopting APA style use the author-date method of in-text citation:the surname of the author which does not include suffixes such as Jr.,and the year of publication are inserted in parentheses in the text at the appropriate point.For example:The result of graph grammars(Engelfriet,1997)is fo

23、r NR,but the result of hypergraph grammars(Heyker,1992)is for HR.In APA style,the section listing the different literatures which have been cited in the text is titled as “References”.Each entry of the reference list should generally follow the following basic format.Reference listFor articles from

24、periodicals:Author,A.A.,Author,B.B.,&Author,C.C.(Year).Title of article.Title of Periodical,volume number(issue number),pages.For example:Koehl,P.and Levitt M.(1999).A brighter future for protein structure prediction.Nature structural biology,6(2),108-112.For books:Author,A.A.(Year of publication).T

25、itle of work:Capital letter also for subtitle.Location:Publisher.For example:Jones,W.J.&Miller,R.P.(2002).Social Psychology.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.For electronic sources:Author,A.A.,&Author,B.B.(Date of publication).Title of article.Title of Online periodical,volume number(issue number

26、 if available).Retrieved monthday,year,from http:/ Example Bernstein,M.(2002).10 tips on writing the living Web.A List Apart:For People Who Make Websites,149.Retrieved May 2,2006,from http:/ in References List are arranged in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.One-author entries b

27、y the same author are arranged by the year of publication.MLA styleIn-text citation.Journals adopting APA style use the author-page method of in-text citation,whether in the form of direction,paraphrase or summery.For example:Classic novels are characterized by the“unique characters”(Petty 168).Pett

28、y extensively explored the role of characters in the creative process of classic novels(168).For articles in periodicals:Last name,First name of the author(s).“Title of the Article.”Title of Journal Volume.Issue(Year):pages.(The title of the journal may also be in italics if not underlined.)For exam

29、ple Fox,Janna.”Technical Writing Skills.”Second Language Writing 3(1999):202-16.Works Cited list.In MLA style,the section listing all the literatures which have been cited in the text of the paper is titled“Works Cited”.Each entry of the Works Cited list generally follows the following basic format.

30、For books:Last name,First name of the author.Title of Book.Place of Publication:Publisher,Year of Publication.(The title of the book may also be in italics if not underlined.)For examplePalmer,John.Chaos:a New Theory.London:Penguin Books,1991.For electronic sources:Last name,First name of the author

31、(s).“Title of the section you used.”Title of the entire source.Volume or issue number(year or date of publication):pages(if applicable).Date you accessed the source.For exampleLinery,E.Gardern,Paul,Georing,P.,et al.“Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa:a study on molecular mechanism.”British Journal of psy

32、chology serial online April 1998.189(2):300-03.14 May 2002http:/biomed.niss.ac.ukAcknowledgementGenerally,the last paragraph of the paper is the place to acknowledge people,organizations,and financing if the author finds it necessary.But some journals require the acknowledgement section be put as a

33、footnote of the title on the first page of the paper.In this section,the author expresses thanks as simply as possible for those persons who added substantially to the work,provided advice or technical assistance,or aided materially by providing equipment or financial support.Sample AcknowledgementAcknowledgementI am grateful for the assistance from Soren O.Haugaard during the data collection and for valuable comments on the manuscript by Johnny Kahlert,Preben Clausen,tony Fox,martin Green,Guamundur A.Guamundsson and one anonymous referee.