种植园农学基础5.ppt

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1、种植园农学基础5 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望Plant Physiology&physiological Process for Selected Plantation Crops5.1 Photosynthesis5.2 Respiration5.3 Translocation5.4 Osmosis&Plasmolysis5.5 Nutrition(chemical)composition5.6 Optimising yield in cro

2、ps(oil palm/rubber/cocoa)Physiological process in plant:-Photosynthesis-Respiration-Translocation-Osmosis-PlasmolysisThese proceses involve the absorption,uptake&release of energy,nutrient&water during the course of the day under various environmental condition5.1 Photosynthesis-CO2+H2O transformed

3、into sugar+O2 with help of light+chlorophyll-Plants convert CO2 by living organism to O2&sugar required by living organism to live and grow5.2 Respiration-Process of oxidation and decomposition of organic compounds,particularly simple carbohydrates such as glucose in the living cells with the releas

4、e of energy5.3 Translocation-Food materials are mostly prepared in leaves-Food from leaves are translocated to the storage organs&growing regions(considerable distance)-An upward movement of inorganic salts takes places through xylem5.4 Osmosis&plasmolysis -Osmosis:movement of substance from one cel

5、l to another-Root from the soil to the plant cell therefore readily absorbs mineral-Occurrence of 2 gradient of low&high concentration permits the movement of water-Stable and low concentration of mineral in the soil allows water movement towards the cell sap in the root-Plasmolysis:higher concentra

6、tion outside the cell allows water to move out causing shrinkage to the cell-Plant experiencing plasmolysis will either and eventually dies due to root rot or decay5.5 Nutrient(chemical)composition -Plant:very high water content(amounted 95%-succulent plant,50%-woody plant of its total weight)-Consi

7、st of various elements:O,C,H,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu,N,P&S These elements are needed in various quantities Therefore grouped accordingly based on their necessities&requirements-To ensure physiological processes function efficiently:Well drained soil for root growth Proper aeration which allow retention

8、of water yet freely draining Sufficient supply of all nutrient element5.6 Optimising yield in crops Oil palm -Physiological process in plant under natural environment is enough to sustain its livelihood such as flowering&fruiting in order to ensure syrvival-Various approaches&methods to improve yiel

9、d&production:important 5.6 Optimising yield in crops Oil palm -Retain the optimum number of productive fronds to ensure good growth and productionImmature palms(1 3 YAP)to retain the maximum number of green and productive fronds for rapid growth,optimal response to applied fertilizers and high early

10、 yield All productive fronds should be retained and accidental spraying to the lower fronds during circle weeding should be avoided.At this stage,no pruning is needed except some basal pruning before harvesting Basal pruning should be completed 3 months before commencement of harvestingYoung mature

11、palms(4-6 YAP)Minimum pruning required to remove dead and drying fronds In this way,the optimum leaf area required by the young palms for good vegetative growth and early yield is maintained When necessary,sanitation pruning is carried out This is to remove excess fronds which are not pruned during

12、harvesting At this stage,harvesting bunches without cutting the subtending fronds need to be adopted Normally 45-48 fronds to be retained in this stage Over-pruning will result in a prolonged male phase after the existing bunches have been harvested Excessive pruning will result in smaller bunches S

13、evere pruning will result in bunch abortion and subsequently bunch rotMature palms(7 YAP)Two whorls of fronds below the lowest bunch to be kept during sanitation pruning at 6-monthly intervals At this stage,40-45 fronds to be kept-As the palms get older,number of inflorescence /bunches produced decr

14、eased-However,the average weight of the bunch increases with agePotential yield-Maximum possible yield of that area given the most favourable environmental condition of that area,together with adequate fertilizers-The attainment of potential yield also requires good palm stand,proper terracing(if ne

15、cessary)&sound agronomic practices-The potential yield should serve as the ultimate target yield for the management to achieve-For oil palm,rainfall is the most important environmental factor as moisture stress affects sex differentiation&inflorescence abortion-Potential yield varies with palm age t

16、oo beside varying with the environmental factors such as terrain,soil type&moisture regimePotential yield(oil palm)refer lecture note(pg 15)Optimising yield in crops Rubber -Tapping system:half spiral at an angle of 300 450-Frequency of tapping:varies from daily to dually or even few days intervals

17、based on the ability of trees to produce latex:clone trees have the most high frequencies-For low latex producing or low frequency tree,the application of stimulant chemical named ethephon is used-Ethephon acts as:latex stimulant slowing down the process of latex hardening-Tapping is usually done ve

18、ry early in the morning The amount of latex obtained is higher due to high water content during this Free-flowing latex occurs after tapping Ideal time is as early as four in the morning for it has been discovered that high amount of latex can be obtained at this time It decrease as time progresses

19、Potential yield(rubber)of some clones refer lecture note(pg 16)-Different clones at various age level differs significantly in term of latex yield-In plantation management,such knowledge is useful in:determining projected yield for any given clones controlling excessive tapping which could leads to

20、severe injuries to trees-Bark:latex producing part of a rubber tree To be renewed in order to sustain latex production Renewed is done by the cambium Cambium is the immediate woody part after the inner bark Therefore extreme care should be practiced during the tapping to avoid injury to the cambium-

21、Latex production is actually a reaction to injury and at the same time covers wound to avoid diseases&pest entry-Tapping:entire latex vessels are cut to ensure optimum yield-Understanding of location of latex vessel is important Latex vessel located in the bark in a spiral from bottom left to top ri

22、ght encirclement Tapping cut must be from high left to low right as this will allow maximum cutting of latex vesselsOptimising yield in crops cocoa-Method of pruning branches has proven to be successful in increasing yield-Other techniques:-Shaping of the tree and control its growth while ensuring e

23、xposure to sunlight for efficient photosynthesis:high yield Ensure accessibility to the tree esp.for harvesting time Control the spread of pest&diseases-Pruning is ongoing activity during the early stage-It is usually done after the production of the 1st branching:-it usually retained as the main br

24、anching point-Solitary shoots are usually cut off esp.those arising below the initial branching-Few other branches will be allowed to grow while those deem to be unnecessary will be cut off as well-The application varies from individual tree to another as adjudged by one who performed the pruning work-Important:ensure efficient photosynthesis via shaping of the tree thus improving yield