现代语言学理论和流派.ppt

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1、现代语言学理论和流派 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望1.Introductionn nSwiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure”father of modern linguistics”n n“Course in General Linguistics”in 1916 marked the beginning of modern linguistics.n nMajor contributions made by S

2、aussure:n n Language is a system of signs.The linguistic unit is a sign.The sign is the union of a form(sound image)and an idea(concept).n nE.g.“chalk”signifier:signified:the object it refers to The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary.He made a distinction between langue and pa

3、role.Questions:What is langue?What is parole?What are their differences?n nAn utterance is a unit of parole.n nA sentence is a unit of langue.n nTwo utterances can be the realization of the same sentence.n n Another great contribution made by him to general linguistics is the distinction between syn

4、chronic studies and diachronic studies.n nLanguage exists in time and changes through time.2.The Prague School 布拉格学派布拉格学派 1926,1st meeting of Circle of Linguistics of Prague.Its most important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of FUNCTION.Three points are of special impor

5、tance of the many ideas developed in Prague School:It was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified.emphasis on the systemic character of language.Language is looked on as functional,as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.n nT

6、he Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology.n nFSPFunctional Sentence Perspective功能句子观功能句子观n nIt is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances(or texts)in terms of the information t

7、hey contain(to describe how information is distributed in sentences).n nA sentence contains a point of departure and a THEME主位n ngoal of discourse.RHEME述位e.g.John stood over there.Over there stood John.3.The London School 伦敦学派伦敦学派n nJ.R.Firth was influenced by the anthropologist B.Malinowski and in

8、turn influenced his student M.A.K.Halliday.n nThe three men all stressed the importance of context of situation and the system aspect of language.n n Malinowskin n Firthn n Halliday:Systemic-Functional Grammarn nThe systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system netw

9、ork.n nFunctional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction.n nSystemic Grammar:n nFunctional Grammar:n na.Ideational functionn n is to convey new information,to communicate a context that is unknown to the hearer.n nb.Interpersonal functionn n embodies all uses of langua

10、ge to express social and personal relation.n nc.Textual functionn n refers to the fact that languages has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text.4.American Structuralism 美国结构主义美国结构主义美国结构主义美国结构主义 It emerged in the United States at the beginning

11、of 20th century.Under the leadership of the anthropologist F.Boas.Early period:Boas and Sapir Bloomfields theory:Linguistics is a branch of psychology,especially of behaviorism.Behaviorism is a principle of scientific method,based on the belief that human beings can not know anything they have not e

12、xperienced.n n Structural grammarn nIC analysisn nImmediate Constituent Analysis hierarchical relations,not sequential.n nbinary structuren nE.g.Peter,John and Mary5.Transformational-Generative Grammar 转换生成语法转换生成语法n nFounder:A.N.Chomskyn n the innateness hypothesisn nChomsky believes that language is somewhat innate.Children are born with a LAD(Language Acquisition Device):a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.n n Generative Grammar:n nXP(Specifier)X(Complement)n nTransformational Grammar