英语词源词典 c.docx

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1、-cracyfrom M.L. -cratia, from Gk. -kratia power, rule J from kratos strength/1 from PIE kratus power, strength11 (see hard). The connective -o- has come to be viewed as part of it.C.O.D. abbreviation of cash on delivery, 1859, originally Amer.Eng.1826, shortening of cabriolet (1763) light, horse-dra

2、wn carriage,n Fr. dim. of cabrioler leap, caper,n from It. capriolare jump in the air J from L. capreolus wild goat. The carriages had springy suspensions. Extended to hansoms and other types of carriages; applied to public horse carriages (of automobiles from 1899), then extended to similar parts o

3、f locomotives (1859). Cabby is from 1859 (see taxi).cabal。1616, from Fr. cabal intrigue, society/ originally nmystical interpretation of the Old Testament/1 from M.L cabbala (see cabbala). Popularized in Eng. 1673 as an acronym for five intriguing ministers of Charles II (Clifford, Arlington, Buckin

4、gham, Ashley, and Lauderdale).caballero 1877, “a Spanish gentleman/ from Sp., from L. caballarius, from caballus ”a pack-horse. Equivalent of Fr. chevalier, It. cavaliere (see cavalier).cabana ,1898, western U.S., from Amer.Sp. cognate of cabin (qv.)1655, from Fr., lit. tavern,n probably from M.Du.

5、cambret, from O.Fr. (Picard dialect) camberete, dim. of cambre nchamber. Came to mean ”a probably from V.L. calafodium, from pre-Roman *cala protected place, denn + L.fodere to dig.”calamine /1598, from Fr. calamine, from O.Fr. calemine, from M.L. calamina, corrupted by alchemists from L. cadmia zin

6、c ore J from Gk. kadmeia.calamity。c.1425, from M.Fr. catamite, from L. calamitatem (nom. calamitus) “damage, disaster, adversity/1 origin obscure. L. writers associated it with calamus nstraw/ but it is perhaps from a lost root preserved in incolumis uninjured.”calcium /coined 1808 by Sir Humphry Da

7、vy from L. calx (gen. ca/cis) “limestone. calculation1393, from L.L. calculationem, from calculare, from L. calculus reckoning, account/* originally pebble used in counting,0 dim. of calx (gen. calcis) “limestone. Calculating shrewd, selfish1* is from 1809. Calculator “adding machine11 is from 1784;

8、 application to the electronic form is from 1946.calculus O1666, from L. calculus reckoning, account, originally npebble used in counting/1 dim. of calx (gen. calcis) nlimestone.n Modern mathematical sense is a shortening of differential calculus. Also used from 1732 to mean concretion occurring acc

9、identally in the animal body, as dental plaque, kidney stones, etc.caldera1865cavity on the summit of a volcano/1 from Sp. caldera cauldron, kettle/1 from L. caldarium, from caldarius “pertaining to warming/1 from calidus warm, hot.”caldron OGk. kaminos nfurnace.01738, from a Bantu language of Angol

10、a (cf. Tshiluba kivili-chimpenze ape).Short form chimp first attested 1877.O.E. cin, a general Gmc. word, from PIE base genw- nchin, jawbone.n china ,porcelain imported from China/1 1579, from the country name (1555), probably ult. from Skt. Cina-s the Chinese0 (earliest European usage is in It” by

11、Marco Polo), perhaps from Qin dynasty, which ruled 3c. B.C.E. Latinized as Sina, hence sinologist. The Chinese word for the country is Chung-kuo, lit. the Middle Kingdom.0 Chinatown first attested 1857 in California.chinch O1616, from Sp./Port. chinche (dim. chinchilla) “bug, from L. cimex (acc. cim

12、icem) nbedbug.nchinchilla O1593, from Sp” lit. little bug” (see chinch); probably an alteration of a word from Quechua or Aymara.chink“slitJ 1535, from M.E. chine (with parasitic -k) from O.E. cinu nfissure/! related to cinan to crack, split, gape J from PIE base 关g* *gi- to germinate, bloom/1 conne

13、ction being in the notion of bursting open. The unrelated derogatory slang word for a Chinaman first recorded 1901.Chinook。name for a group of related native people in the Columbia River region of Washington and Oregon, from Salishan /cinuk/, name of a village site. Name also extended to a type of s

14、almon and warm spring wind. Chinookjargon was a mish-mash of native, French, and English words once used as a lingua franca in the Pacific Northwest.chinos。(pl.) 1943, from Amer.Sp. chino toasted,“ earlier (via notion of skin color) child of one white parent, one Indian” (fem. china), from Quechua c

15、hina female animal, servant/1chintz。1719, pl. of chint (1614), from Hindi chint, from Skt. chitra-s nclear, bright. The plural (the more common form of the word in commercial use) became regarded as singular by late 18c., and for unknown reason shifted -s to -z; perhaps after quartz. Disparaging sen

16、se (in form chintzy), from the commonness of the fabric, is first recorded 1851 in George Eliot.chip (v.)。O.E. forcippian to pare away by cutting/1 v. form of cipp nsmall piece of wood/ perhaps from PIE base keipo- sharp post11 (cf. Du. kip small strip of wood, L. cippus post, stake, beam). Sense of

17、 break off fragments is 18c. Noun is attested by c.1330; meaning ncounter used in a game of chance” is first recorded 1840; electronics sense is from 1962. Used for thin slices of foodstuffs (originally fruit) since 1769; specific ref. to potatoes is from 1859 (in A Tale of Two Cities); potato chip

18、is attested by 1886. Meaning piece of dried dung first attested 1846. To chip in contribute (1861) may come from card-playing. Potato chip is 1859. Chip of the old block is used by Milton (1642); earlier form was chip of the same block (1621); more common modern phrase with off in place of of is ear

19、ly 20c. To have a chip on ones shoulder is from at least 1820s, U.S” from the custom of a boy determined to fight putting a chip on his shoulder and defying another to knock it off. Chip in ncontribute is 1861, Amer.Eng.chipmunk ,1841, from Algonquian, probably Ojibwa ajidamoo (in the Ottawa dialect

20、 ajidamoonh) Hred squirrel/1 lit. none who descends trees headlong” (containing ajid- nupside down”)，probably infl. by Eng. chip and mink.Chippendale1876, from Thomas Chippendale (c.1718-79), English cabinetmaker. The family name (13c.) is from Chippingdale, Lancashire (probably from O.E. ceaping na

21、 market, marketplace/* related to cheap). Chippendales beefcake dance revue, began late 1970s in a Los Angeles nightclub, the name said to have been chosen for its suggestion of elegance and class.chipper ,1837, lively, nimble, Amer.Eng., from northern British dial, kipper “nimble, frisky/* origin o

22、bscure.Chippewa ,see Ojibwa.chippy ,promiscuous young woman; prostitute/11880, U.S. slang, earlier (1864) short for chipping-bird nsparrow/ perhaps ultimately a variant of cheep.chiropracticcoined in Amer.Eng. 1898 from Gk. cheir (gen. cheiros) hand + praktikos npractical.n Chiropractor first record

23、ed 1904.chirp。c.1440, echoic var. of M.E. chirken to twitter11 (1380), from O.E. cearcian ”to creak, gnash.nchirr。c.i6oo, echoic of a grasshoppers trill.chirurgeon。failed Renaissance attempt to restore Gk. spelling to the word that had got intoEng. as surgeon; now, thank the gods, archaic.chisel。132

24、3, from O.Fr. cisel, from V.L. cisellum “cutting tool/* from L. caesellum, dim. of caesus pp. of caedere to cut” (see concise). Slang sense of nto cheat, defraud is first recorded in 1808 as chizzel; origin and connection to the older word are obscure.Chisholm Trail O1866, from Jesse Chisholm (c.180

25、6-68), halfbreed Cherokee trader and government agent who first plied it.chit (1) ,“note,” 1776, from Mahrati (Hindi) chitthi letter, note/1 from Skt. chitra-s ndistinctively marked.nchit (2)。small child,” 0.1624, originally young of a beast* (1382); unrelated to chit (1), perhaps connected to kitte

26、n.chitin。1836, from Fr. chitine, from Gk. khiton frock, tunic. chitterlings O1221, cheterlingis entrails, souse/1 origins obscure, but probably from O.E. and having something to do with entrails (related to O.E. cwid nwomb;n cf. Ger. Kutteln guts, bowels, tripe, chitterlings11). Variants chitlins (1

27、845) and chitlings (1880) both also had a sense of shreds, tatters.nchivalry。1292, from O.Fr. chevalerie “horsemanshipj from chevaler knight,11 from M.L. caballarius horseman, from L. caballus (see cavalier). From mounted knight/1 meaning stretched 14c. to ncourtly behavior.chive。c.1400, from O.Fr.

28、cive, from L. cepa onion” (see onion).chlamydia ,genital infection/* 1984, from name of bacteria (1945), from Gk. khlamys mantle (gen. khlamydos).Chloe。fem. proper name, from Gk. Khloe, lit. nyoung green shoot; related to khloros ngreenish-yellow,n from PIE 兴ghlo- var. of base *gheL, a color word th

29、at has yielded words for both yellow (cf. L. helvus “yellowish, bay, Gallo-L. gilvus light bay;n Lith. geltonas nyellow;n O.C.S. zlutu, Pol. zolty, Rus. zeltyj nyellow;n Skt. harih “yellow, tawny yellow, hiranyam gold; Avestan zari yellow; O.E. geolu, geolwe, Mod. Eng. yellow, Ger. gelb “yellow) and

30、 “green” (cf. L. galbus greenish-yellow; Gk. khloros “greenish-yellow color/* kholos bile; Lith. zalias “greenJ zelvas greenish; O.C.S. zelenu, Pol. zielony, Rus. zelenyj ngreen;n O.Ir. glass, Welsh, Breton glas greenJ also grey, blue). Buck says the interchange of words for yellow and green is perh

31、aps because they were applied to vegetation like grass, cereals, etc., which changed from green to yellow. It is possible that this whole group of yellow-green words is related to PIE base ghlei- nto shine, glitter, glow, be warmn (see gleam).chlorine Ocoined 1810 by Sir Humphry Davy from Gk. khloro

32、s pale green11 (see Chloe). Named for its color. Discovered 1774, but known at first as oxymuriatic acid gas.chloroform O1838, from Fr. chloroforme, coined in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800-84) from chlor- nchlorinen + formique formic (acid).“chlorophyll ,1819, from Fr. chlorophyle (1818), coined

33、 by Fr. chemists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (1788-1842) and Joseph Bienaime Caventou (1795-1877) from Gk.khloros pale green” (see Chloe) + phyllon “a leaf.0 chock O1674, possibly ult. from . choque na block,“ from O.Fr. Qoche logJ from Gaul, tsukka a tree trunk, stump.”chock-full Oc.1400, chokkeful, po

34、ssibly from choke ncheek/ Or it may be from O.Fr. choquier ncollide, thrust. Chock-a-block is nautical, said of two blocks of tackle run so closely they touch.chocolate ,1604, from Nahuatl xocolatl, from xococ bitter + atl water. Brought to Spain for first time 1520. John Hannon (financed by Dr. Jam

35、es Baker) started the first chocolate factory in the U.S. in Dorchester, 1780; Baker later founded Bakers Chocolate. Chocolate chip is from 1940.nTo a Coffee-house, to drink jocolatte, very good” Pepys, Diary, Nov. 24,1664.Choctaw。1722, from Choctaw Chahta, of uncertain meaning, but also said to be

36、from Sp. chato “flattened,“ for the tribes custom of flattening the heads of male infants. As a figure skating step, first recorded 1892.choice。c.1300, from O.Fr. chois, from v. choisir nto choose/ from a Gmc. source (cf. Gothic kausjan “to taste, test), from P.Gmc. base *kaus-, *keus-, Replaced O.E

37、. eyre, from the same base, probably because the imported word was closer to choose. Sense of that which is preferable to be chosen, the flower, the elite is from 1494, from adj. in this sense (c.1350).choirC.1300, from O.Fr. quer nchoir of a church, from L. chorus “choir” (see chorus), to Eng. as q

38、uyre, re-spelled 1643 on L. model.choke。c.i2oo? aphetic of acheken, from O.E. aceocian to choke” (with intensive q-), probably from base of ceoke jaw, cheek? Meaning nvalve which controls air to a carburetor0 first recorded 1926. Choke-cherry (1785) so called for its astringent qualities. Choker lar

39、ge neckerchief1 is from 1848.choler。C.1390, nbile,n as one of the humors, supposed to cause irascibility or temper, from O.Fr. colre bile, anger/1 from L.L. cholera bile” (see cholera).cholera Oc. 1386, “choler, bile, melancholy/ from L. cholera, from Gk. kholera na type of disease characterized by

40、diarrhea, supposedly caused by choler (Celsus), from khole ngall, bile/ from khloazein nto be green, from khloros (see Chloe). But another sense of khole was drainpipe, gutter/* Revived 1565 as a name for a severe digestive disorder (rarely fatal to adults); and 1704 (especially as cholera morbus),

41、for a highly lethal disease endemic in India, periodically breaking out in global epidemics.cholesterol 1894, from Fr. cholestrine (1827), from Gk. khole bile + steros solid, stiff.nchompc.1645, U.S. and dialectal variant of champ.choo-choochoo-chooechoic nursery name fornsteam-engine locomotive/119

42、03.choose。O.E. ceosan choose, taste, try (class II strong verb; past tense ceas, pp. coren), from P.Gmc. keusanan, from PIE base geus- to taste, relishn (see gusto). Variant spelling chuse is M.E., very frequent i6c.-i8c. Only remotely related to choice. The irregular pp. leveled out to chosen by 12

43、00. Choosy is Amer.Eng. 1862.chop 。to cut,“ 1362, perhaps from O.Fr. (Picard) choper, from O.Fr. coper to cut off,“ from V.L. cuppare to decapitate/1 infl. by couper nto strike71 Meaning slice of meat is c.1640; hence, chop-house (1690). Chopper, slang for helicopter,” dates from 1951, Korean War mi

44、litary slang. Meaning stripped-down modified motorcycle is from 1965.chop (2)。“shift J O.E. ceapian to bargain/1 with a sense of nchanging back and forth.” Choppy, of seas, is attested from 1867.chop suey O1888, Amer.Eng., from Chinese (Cantonese dialect) tsap sui nodds and ends.” chops 。jaws, sides

45、 of the face/ 1505, variant of chaps, of unknown origin.chopstick O1699, sailors1 partial translation of Chinese krwai tse fast ones or nimble boys,“ first element from pidgin Eng. chop, from Cantonese kap urgent.n Chopsticks, the two-fingered piano exercise, is first attested 1893, probably from th

46、e resemblance of the fingers to chopsticks.choral O1587, from M.Fr. choral, from M.L. choralis “belonging to a chorus or choir/1 from L. chorus (see chorus).chorale1841, sacred choral song/ from Ger. Choral metrical hymn in Reformed church/1 shortened from Choralgesang choral song,“ translating M.L.

47、 cantus choralis, from L. cantus (see chant) + choralis (see choral). The n-en was added to indicate stress. Meaning group of singers is 1942.chord 。nrelated notes in music/1 1597, aphetic of accord, infl. by L. chorda (see cord).Spelling with an -h- first recorded 1608.chord (2)Hstructure in animal

48、s resembling a string/1 1541, alt. of cord, by influence of Gk. khorde gut, string. The geometry sense is from 1551； meaning feeling, emotion first attested 1784.chore。1746, Amer.Eng., variant of char, from M.E. cherre odd job, from O.E. cerr, cierr turn, occasion.”chorea。1806, from Mod.L. chorea Sancti Viti St. Vitus dance” (originally a mass hysteria in 15c. Europe characterized by uncontrolled dancing; extension to the nerve disorder is from 1621), from