资产质量全景分析2021年预期修复.docx
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1、目录分析框架:资产质量的短期和中长期视角1短期视角:疫情后修复 2对公债务:企业经营改善,疫情影响趋于平复2零售信贷:违约高峰已过 4延期还本付息政策退出,料影响幅度可控5中长期:信用风险进入整固后期 6对公业务:质量总体整固,关注隐性债务6零售业务:居民杠杆水平可控,抵押品充足 11银行抵补能力:持续夯实,稳而无忧 13现状:严格认定,加快处置13前瞻:2021年步入信用风险暴露尾期 14上市银行:分化,个别出清 16存量风险:问题资产与财务资源多寡,决定出清进程不同16增量风控:经营策略与风险敞口分布不同,决定了资产质量稳定性差异 19风险因素22投资建议22201520162017201
2、820192020H制造类汽车3.31%3.30%2.98%2.74%2.14%1.00%轻工制造1.70%2.03%3.11%1.72%0.86%0.45%国防军工1.25%0.79%0.85%0.91%0.59%1.21%消费类纺织服装1.70%2.33%2.37%2.65%2.24%1.46%家用电器3.59%3.94%4.90%4.88%6.81%4.02%食品饮料1.35%1.28%2.52%2.53%2.80%3.06%商业贸易0.63%1.46%1.08%1.13%0.82%0.58%科技类电气设备2.07%2.04%2.39%1.79%2.10%2.46%电子2.03%1.44
3、%1.25%0.43%0.70%0.76%计算机1.37%1.72%0.95%0.00%-0.20%0.01%医药生物2.82%2.78%3.00%2.01%1.72%2.58%通信2.86%2.15%2.21%1.23%1.00%2.43%政府相关融资平台1.20%1.11%1.05%0.98%0.97%0.44%公用事业1.57%1.27%1.08%1.03%1.06%0.97%交通运输1.52%1.42%1.49%1.35%1.36%-0.28%建筑材料0.52%0.96%1.81%3.03%3.33%3.33%建筑装饰1.58%1.34%1.28%1.21%1.39%0.92%综合1.
4、10%0.89%0.93%0.87%0.83%0.69%地产类房地产2.28%1.71%1.78%1.74%2.00%1.44%其他传媒2.91%2.74%1.98%-0.57%1.20%1.82%农林牧渔2.86%4.38%2.79%0.67%4.75%8.46%休闲服务0.89%0.95%0.85%0.73%0.85%-1.06%加权平均0.95%1.12%120%1.14%1.18%0.73%数据来源:Wind,测算注:(1)具体行业划分、样本情况及数据处理方法详见报告银行业资产质量深度研 究系列之二一对公债务质量全景分析(2021-3-15); (2) ROA计算采用期初期末平均法表4
5、:通过5099家发债企业数据测算的各行业ROE情况201520162017201820192020H周期类采掘1.78%1.16%2.32%3.92%3.50%-0.94%钢铁-9.15%-0.26%7.15%10.56%6.24%3.66%化工6.70%6.58%10.87%10.13%6.56%5.85%有色金属-1.59%2.64%4.94%3.25%2.84%4.05%传统 制造类机械设备6.32%5.68%7.71%7.25%6.97%8.07%汽车13.41%15.52%12.72%11.39%8.42%4.20%轻工制造6.34%7.12%10.27%4.78%2.32%1.35
6、%国防军工4.64%2.80%2.94%3.14%1.88%3.66%消费类纺织服装5.30%7.92%7.76%7.93%6.54%4.28%家用电器16.88%22.11%26.83%22.59%26.74%13.19%食品饮料6.53%6.39%11.28%9.90%10.42%11.69%商业贸易4.02%9.76%6.62%6.65%4.55%3.25%科技类电气设备9.00%9.05%9.69%6.91%7.89%8.96%电子8.00%7.54%6.71%2.30%3.54%3.86%计算机8.00%9.53%5.09%0.01%-0.93%0.03%20152016201720
7、1820192020H医药生物10.15%9.78%10.67%7.66%6.20%9.29%通信8.42%6.43%6.45%3.62%3.01%7.45%政府相关融资平台2.45%2.25%2.16%2.02%2.00%0.74%公用事业8.08%6.72%5.59%5.29%5.07%4.67%交通运输5.76%6.01%5.96%5.04%4.66%-0.99%建筑材料2.27%4.37%8.23%12.48%12.09%11.53%建筑装饰7.51%6.63%6.11%5.30%5.01%3.59%综合7.18%6.04%6.03%5.54%4.77%4.05%地产类房地产12.52
8、%11.86%13.57%13.71%14.24%10.29%其他传媒8.99%8.35%5.68%-1.48%3.10%4.35%农林牧渔8.46%13.61%8.49%2.12%13.98%25.88%休闲服务3.44%4.00%3.27%2.64%2.80%-3.79%加权平均4.11%4.09%4.33%4.07%3.83%2.43%数据来源:Wind,测算注:(1)具体行业划分、样本情况及数据处理方法详见报告银行业资产质量深度研 究系列之二一对公债务质量全景分析(2021-3-15); (2) ROE计算采用期初期末平均法(3)经营杠杆:中长周期呈现缓慢下行趋势。201519年,全部
9、发债企业的资产负债率由66.0%小幅下降至65.3%,其中大局部传统杠杆运行的周期类行业 和制造亚行也杠杆水平下降更为明显。近年来,对整体杠杆水平下行形成拖累的,主要是以城投平台为代表的局部政府类行 业资本负债率呈现小幅上升趋势。2020年上半年受新冠疫情和逆周期政策影响,总体杠 杆率出现阶段性反弹,今年以来“保持宏观杠杆率基本稳定”的政策定调下,预计后续总体 杠杆率有望走稳。表5:通过发债企业数据测算的各行业资产负债率变化201520162017201820192020采掘53.7%53.7%53.2%54.7%56.4%57.0%钢铁67.5%68.5%65.5%61.9%60.6%61.
10、5%同期夫化工68.1%67.0%63.9%63.2%64.7%65.9%有色金属71.3%71.2%67.3%67.4%67.0%67.4%机械设备63.1%63.3%62.2%61.1%61.5%62.2%汽 车63.8%63.7%63.7%63.8%65.2%65.8%传统制造类轻工制造64.8%63.6%61.9%63.5%63.4%64.7%国防军工63.6%63.8%60.8%59.0%57.2%55.2%纺织服装59.5%59.6%57.8%56.6%56.1%55.9%家用电器66.2%67.5%68.2%65.6%63.0%64.2%消费类商业贸易73.5%71.5%70.4
11、%69.5%69.4%70.1%食品饮料66.5%65.7%60.1%58.7%58.5%60.2%电气设备65.4%63.5%62.2%62.6%62.8%62.8%电子56.1%61.8%62.8%63.7%61.2%60.2%科技类计算机66.0%65.9%65.0%68.8%62.7%63.8%医药生物57.2%56.7%56.5%59.8%58.8%59.8%通信55.4%56.6%56.0%56.9%57.2%58.4%201520162017201820192020城投平台57.8%58.5%59.1%59.3%59.8%61.0%公用事业74.9%74.8%74.8%73.9%
12、72.9%73.2%交通运输63.1%61.6%60.7%61.0%60.8%62.7%政府相关建筑材料71.6%71.1%69.2%65.4%62.9%62.3%建筑装饰70.9%70.7%70.2%68.5%68.3%69.1%综合74.7%74.5%73.1%72.7%72.2%73.3%房地产74.4%75.8%77.9%78.8%78.1%78.7%地产类传媒51.6%49.6%51.3%52.6%46.6%46.7%农林牧渔55.7%55.2%55.0%59.1%56.8%59.1%其他休闲服务61.2%61.7%60.0%57.6%58.2%61.9%加权平均66.0%65.5%
13、65.4%65.3%65.3%66.3%资料来源:Wind,测算注:具体行业划分、样本情况及数据处理方法详见报告银行业资产质量深度研究系列之二一对公债务质量全景分 析(2021-3-15)(4)重点关注政府融资平台经营质量。我们的分析结果看,2015年以来政府融资平 台总体经营质效有所下降,尾部平台债务风险需重点关注:1)资产负债:资产负债率表征的经营杠杆水平由2017年末的59.1%,小幅上升至 2020年中的61%,其中省级平台小幅上升1pct,而市级和区县级平台上升幅度均在2pct 以上,中低等级平台经营质量下行更为明显;2)现金流量:投融资功能定位明显,全部2241家发债融资平台的投资
14、活动净现金流 和融资活动净现金流基本保持在每年3-4万亿水平,而经营活动净现金流多为负值;此外,测 算来看,目前现金流覆盖率为半覆盖和无覆盖的融资平台有息负债占比分别为22%/17%,涉 及债务规模近16万亿;3)盈利水平2015年以来融资平台加权平均ROA由1.2%左右下降至2019年的0.9% 左右,主要是以利息支出为主要内容的财务费用增长明显构成拖累。近年来,融资平台经营质量呈现分化局面,高债务地区的中低等级融资融台偿债能力仍 有恶化,尤其对于目前仍处于现金流无覆盖状态的局部平台,其银行用信敞口需重点关注后续经营状况和债务化解路径。图10:测算2241家发债融资平台平均资产负债率趋势图1
15、1:近年来,融资平台自身盈利能有所弱化-O-资产负债率62.0% -161.0% 60.0% -59.0% 58.0% 57.0% -56.0% -55.0%54.0%53.0%61.0%59. 8%8.56.4%54.9%-C- ROA =0=净利润率(右)12. 0%10. 0%8.0%6.0%4.0%2.0%校0.00% -I11111 0. 0%2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020H资料来源:Wind,测算资料来源:Wind,测算图13:投融资活动仍是地方政府融资平台的主体功能图12: 2019年后,发债融资平台的平均现金流覆盖率有所下降经营活动净现金流投资活动净
16、现金流融资活动净现金流发债融资平台平均覆盖率40.0% -20.0% -0.0%60,00040,00020,000-20,000-40,000-60,000(亿元)资料来源:Wind,测算注:采用加权平均法资料来源:Wind,测算图14:无覆盖平台债务占比仍有小幅抬升,反映尾部风险仍存图15:测算2020H半覆盖和无覆盖平台有息负债占比为22%/17%全覆盖基本覆盖半覆无覆盖资料来源:Wind,资料来源:Wind,测算表6:测算不同借新还旧假设下各省融资平台偿债缺口资料来源:Wind,测算注:测算过程详见银行业资产质量深度研究系列之二一对公债务质量全景分析 (2021-3-15)借新还旧偿债
17、率0%20%40%60%80%100%海南0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%西臧0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%宁夏0.3%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%青海29.9%18.0%6.3%2.5%0.0%0.0%北京21.9%8.8%3.5%0.8%0.0%0.0%广东17.9%9.9%4.1%1.1%0.0%0.0%湖北17.3%9.1%3.1%0.9%0.1%0.0%江西16.6%8.4%2.9%1.0%0.2%0.0%黑龙江31.0%22.2%13.7%5.4%0.2%0.0%安徽17.1%7.5%2.8%0.7%0.3%0.1%新疆24.8%14.
18、3%6.4%2.7%0.5%0.0%山东28.3%17.6%8.9%2.8%0.5%0.0%广西25.0%14.5%7.2%1.9%0.5%0.3%浙江30.5%18.9%9.9%3.8%0.6%0.0%上海29.8%21.4%13.7%6.3%0.7%0.0%山西34.4%20.7%12.7%5.9%0.7%0.1%江苏31.1%18.8%9.4%3.4%0.7%0.0%天津46.7%32.2%18.4%7.6%0.9%0.1%甘肃21.2%13.9%6.6%3.1%1.0%0.0%四川22.6%13.0%6.6%3.2%1.2%0.1%合计29.2%17.9%9.6%4.1%1.2%0.2
19、%内蒙古37.0%25.2%13.5%5.7%1.3%0.0%重庆33.6%21.6%11.6%5.4%1.6%0.4%河南28.6%17.8%9.8%5.0%1.8%0.1%辽宁49.8%35.2%21.4%10.1%2.6%0.1%福建32.2%22.0%13.0%6.5%2.7%0.9%陕西32.8%21.5%12.1%6.2%2.9%1.1%河北29.2%19.1%11.4%6.5%3.1%1.6%湖南35.4%24.5%14.8%7.6%3.4%1.3%云南43.5%30.8%19.7%11.7%5.2%0.0%吉林46.5%30.7%20.5%13.2%6.1%0.6%贵州53.0
20、%39.5%26.7%15.3%6.7%1.2%总体来看,中长周期视角下,银行业对公债务质量系统性风险无忧,地方政府隐性债 务是核心。其中,当前传统周期业和制造业整固,高景气度行业(消费与科技)持续占优, 房地产产业链稳定。后续需重点关注融奥平台债务质量演变,尤其是尾部平台的出清进程。零售业务:居民杠杆水平可控,抵押品充足(1)剔除经营性债务后,国内居民部门杠杆率水平在国际上仍处合理水平。国内大 约有20%的居民债务与经营性活动相关,主要来自个体工商户的经营性贷款,也有局部个 体户使用消费贷、信用卡资金进行经营周转(与其他主要经济体存在划分上差异)。2020年上半年末,BIS 口径的我国居民杠
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