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1、名师归纳总结英语语法大全初中英语语法 学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法:1、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如: boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如 :who, she, you, it.3、形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如: good, right, white, orange.4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如: one, two, three, first, se
2、cond, third, fourth.5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如: now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如: a, an, the.8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above,behind.9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如 and, but, before .10、感叹词(interr)表示
3、喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如: oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所耍说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如:H m Miss Gree瞰是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态 ,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如: Jack cleans the room every day.(杰克每天清扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份最祥征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如: My name is Ping ping .(我的
4、名字叫萍萍)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can sell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter.(他给我写了一封信)番而司加介词t。或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如:He wrote a letter to me .(他给我写了 一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghai is a big city .
5、(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard.(他工作努力一)7、宾语补足语 用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usuallykeep their classroom clean/ 他们通常让教室保持清洁.)/ He often helps me do my lessons(.他常常帮我做功课 )/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如: Where is your
6、classmateIfiDL?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法: 如: spaceship, headache, basketball, playgroun 篝2、派生法:派生名词:动词 +er/or动词+ing动词+ion形容词+ness其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge派生形容词:名词 +y名词+ful动词+ing/edfriendlydangerous精品学习资料第1页,共53页名师归纳总结3、序数词:
7、表示顺序的数词叫 序数词。1、英语的序数词基本变法:(1) 一般在基数词后加th,结尾的改为fth,ty结尾的改为“ieth,熟记特殊词。2、序数词如下:ri nd2 和 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th行second Xthird fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth13thth1415th16th17th18th19ththirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeent h eighteenth nineteent
8、h20th 30th _ _th 40 _th 5060th 70th _ _th 80 ccth 90._ _th 100twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth one undredth2Tl nd 22 23rd35th101sttwenty-first twenty-second twenty-thirdthirty-fifthone hundred and first1000th- one thousandth, 1000000th -one millionth.,第 7
9、03-*the seven hundred and third,第 5480-the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.3、注:(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数局部用序数词,其余局部仍用基数词。如:thirty-sixth,(2)使用序数词时一般加定冠词the.如:I m ithe third grade(3)序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如:1/5-one fifth ; 2/3- two thirds ;417 f four sevenths ; 22f a half; 1/4 quarter; 3/4 f three quarters
10、 ; 50% fifty hundredths (fifty per cent).4、数词的用法:-1 、表示年彳分:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.2、表示日期:12 月 1 日:Dec. 1st或 the first of December; 20XX 年 11 月 8 日:Nov. 8th, 2002.3 表示时刻: 5: 15f five fifteen 或 a quarter past five ; 8: 30- eight thirty 或 half past eight; 10: 45- te
11、n forty-five 或 a quarter to eleven.4、表示编号: Room 105-Room one 0 five; Bus No.13f Bus Number Thirteen; P.5f PageFive; Tel.No.7658659 f Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine5、小数的读法:5.7- five point seven, 0.16 -zero point one six.6 半,的表达:l/2fhalf,半小时f half an hour, 1.5 小时f one and a half h
12、ours或 one hour and a half.7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如:The third lesson is rather difficult第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍 ,好 吗?)五、冠词1、冠词分类及读法:英语中冠词有 不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指 或特指的作用。定冠词 the读法:单独念时读Ti:,在句子中常发Ti (元音之前)或者 T(辅音之前);不定冠词a/an的读法:单独念时读ei /An ;在句子中常发 /
13、n。2、不定冠词a/an的用法:不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面;an用在元音开头的词的 前面。不定冠词的基本用法:精品学习资料第10页,共53页名师归纳总结(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如: There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)(2)表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如: A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)一(2)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如: He is a teacher of
14、 English.(他是英语教师。)(4)表示“一”这个数量。如: There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那 个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)(5)几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点),a little(一点),a few(几个),a lot (许多),a kindof(一种),a pair of(一副、一双),a number of(大量的),a piece of (一张、一片),half an hour(半小时),have a good time(玩得开心),have a cold(感冒),make a noise
15、(发出嘈 杂声),have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。定冠词的基本用法:(1)表示特指的人或事物。如:虫喧man with a flower in his hand is Jack.(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)一(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at也独blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is旦man under the tree. The man is calledRobert.(树下有个人,那个人叫罗伯特。)
16、(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如: There will be strong wind to the.south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地区将会刮大风。)(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如: Who is the first one to ao?(谁第一个去? ) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the ear博在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He be
17、gan to playviolin at the age of 5(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)一(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the HimalayaMountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)一(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from业史United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)一(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。 如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个 月格林一家要去峨眉山)(11)same之前一般 the。如:Lucv
18、 and Lilv look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样 ) (12)几个用定冠词的习语: at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end (最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。4、一些不用冠词的情况:(1)专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very largecountry.(中国是个大国)/ Man needs air end water.(人类需要空气和水)(2)名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词
19、作定语时不用。in: My pen is much more expensivethan yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了 )(3)周名,月名或拿节名前一般不用。如: He was bom on Monday, February 18,1995.(他 出生在 1995 年二月十八日,星期一)/ They usually plant trees on the hills in spring .(春天他们通常在山上植树)(4)(第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如: Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)(5)三餐饭前不用。如: We have
20、 breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早 饭,在校吃午饭)(6)节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children s Dfeeboys often get presents from theirparents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)(7)球类名词前不用。如: The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星 期六下午踢足球)精品学习资料第11页,共53页名师归纳总结名师归纳总结(8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如: They are now at People
21、 s Cine确们止匕 刻在人民电影院)(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如: (1) at / to / from / out of / after / for school; (2) in / to / for / after class; (3) in / to / out of / into bed; after / at/ from / out of/to work; (5) at / to sea; (6) in / from / down / to town; (7) at / from home; (8) at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; (
22、9) at night/noon/midnight; (10) on foot; (11) go to school/bed; (12) on top of; (13) in front of; (14) on show/display/duty/watch; (15) in / out of hospital; (16) at all; (17) on/in time; (18) at first/last/once; (19) in Chinese/English,etc.; (20) take care of六、形容词、副词:1、形容词:用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。1、形容词
23、的句法作用:作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。2、形容词在句子中的位置:作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如: a big yellowwooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)作表语时放在连系动词之后。如:The price sounds reasonable(这个价格听起来算是合理)作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如: We must try our best to keep our environment 亚也.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)后置的情况:修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如:Something serious has happened t
24、ohim.(他发生了严重的事故)与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如:He s1.8 metrestall.(他身高 1.8 米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth(月 丽地38万公里)3、有关形容词的用法辨析:(1) whole与all:记住两个词序: the whole +名词; all (of) the +名词。如:He was busy the whole morninq.(整个早晨他都很忙 )/ He can remember all the words he learns.(他能记
25、住学过的所有单词 )tall与high, short与low:指人的个子时用 tall与short;指其他事物时一般用high与 lowo 如:He s ver-11/short.(他个子高 /矮)/jyjrees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木 )/ A few people live on high mountains.(少量的 人住在高山上)real与true: real 一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”;而true那么指事情或消息的可靠 性,译为“真实的。如:This is a real diamond(钻石)
26、and it s very expend也是货 价实的钻石,非常贵)/ -Is that true? Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真实吗? 是的,我亲耳所听)interested与interesting的区别:interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语, 而interested那么表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。如: The man is veryinteresting and all the children like him.(这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他)/ This book is interesting and you
27、 can really enjoy yourself.(这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受)/1 am interested in science(我对自然科学感兴趣 ) such 用法: such + a(n) + 名词(单数)(+that 从句)。如:I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的)g.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩)/ He had such a terrible accidentthat he could never forget it.(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故 ,他永远也不会忘记)good与well:表示“好”时,作定语或表语用 good,作状语用
28、well;表示“(身体)好” 时用 well.如:Doing sports is good for us(进行运动对我们有益 )/ Study well and make progress every day(好好学习,天天向上)/“How are you? - I am very welk(你好吗? 我很好。)精品学习资料第12页,共53页名师归纳总结nice与fine:的区别:nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等;fine一般指身体或天气好。如:Let s go and shaf提供)thege cake(我们去提供那块美味的蛋 糕吧)/She is a 也girl.(他是个漂亮
29、的姑娘)/wi?af5匕day!(多好的天气! )/He s fine recentM最近).(近来他身体不错)too much与much too: toomuch表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量;much too表示“太 过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如: I am full because I have had too much rice.(我饱 了,因为我吃了太多的米饭 )/ That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太贵了)(8) quick fast与soon: quick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反响速度快,fast往往指运 动速度快,而soon那么表示
30、时间上很快即将发生。如:After a quick breakfast, he hurriedto school leaving his bag at home(.匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多 )/ His father will be back to China very soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国)lonely与alone: lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语 或表语;alone的意思是:“单独的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(
31、作为副词的alone 可作状语)。如:He lives alone but he doesn y t feleinely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤 独)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是个孤独的人,你 要和他相处好实在不易)(ID other与else的区别:两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前;else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little, much,后置,另外,or else表示“否那么”,是连词。如: The other students are on the pl
32、ayground.(其他学生在操场上 )/ Who else can work out this maths problem?(还有谁能解出着道数学题?) / This is nobody else money. It smine.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。)/ Do you have anything else to say foryourself?(你还有什么要为自己说的吗?(12) special与especial的区另ij:表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊,两个词可互换,但special 较为常用。另外 special还可以表示特别的目的。She pays (e)special at
33、tention toclothes.(她非常注重着装)/ These are special chairs for small children.(这些是专门给 小孩子的椅子)gone、lost、missing的区别:gone表示“丢了,没了 ”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以 表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语;lost表示“丧失”,含难以找回的意思,可 作定语、表语或宾补;missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、 表语或宾补。如:My fever(高烧)isone, but I still have a couah.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽)/ The pa
34、rents found the lost child at last.(家长终于找至了迷路的孩子)/ Mydictionary is missingWho, taken it away?(我的字典不见了 ,谁拿走了? )/ For more detailed information(详情)of the missing girls, please visit our websit(e 网址).(如果想 道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站)04) living alive、live、lively的区别:四个词都来源于动词 live “生活、居住”。living读力3有三个意思:“活着的、现存的”
35、,作表语或定语,“一模一样的、逼真的”,相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”;live读laiv,指东西“活的”,可以替换为living;alive读laiv作表语,指人“活着 ,如果作定语,那么放在名词的后面;lively读laivli有三个意思:有生气的、活泼的、快活的,(色彩)鲜艳的,生动 的、例如:A living language should be learned orally(口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上 学)(被动句)/ We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我们强烈地希望你能成 功)/ Is she still
36、alive?(她还活着吗? )/ They are the happiest children alive.(他们 是活着的最开心的孩子)/ This is a live fish.(这是条活鱼)/ A live wire(电线)is dangerous.侑电的电线是危险的)/ She is as lively as a kitten (小猫).(她像小猫一 样可爱)/ He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生动地描述了那场 足球赛)(15)sick与ill区别:sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语
37、,而ill只能 做表语。如: He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now(他病 了很久,精品学习资料精品学习资料第13页,共53页名师归纳总结名师归纳总结现在非常虚弱)/ Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets owners like t 曲插 助诊治患病的宠物彳艮受宠物主人福喜爱)(16) the poor(穷人们)/ the rich(富人们)等用法:“the+形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人物,复数含义。如:We must try our best to he
38、l也的a我们应该尽力帮助穷人)/ Therich never know how the poor are living.(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子 )2、副词:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程 度的词叫做副词。1、副词的分类:(见下表)时间副词频度副 词地点/方位副 词程度副词方式副 词疑问/连接副 词其他副词today, tomorrow,once,here, there,very, too,well,how,too, also,yesterday, now,twice,home, below,enough,hard,where,nor, so,then
39、, early, late,always,anywhere,rather, quite,alone,when,as, on,off,once, soon, just,usually,above, outside,how, so,fast,why.either,tonight, long,often,in, inside, out,much, just,together,whetheryes, no,already,yet,before,sometimes,back,up,down,nearly, onlysuddenly,however, etc.not, neitherago, later,
40、 ever sincenever,away, off, far,almost, hardly,ly结尾关系副词maybe,after, whenever(seldom),near, nearby,as long as等,的副词where,perhaps,first, someday,ever,wherevereven, all,why, howcertainly,sometime, last,everywhere,a little, a bitwhen,2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用:作状语:时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before later、yet等一般放 在
41、句尾 ,already、just 一般放在动词的前面。如: We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城 )/ They have already been to the UK twice.(他 们去过英王国两次)/ Soon the lost boy found his way back home(不久迷路的孩 子找到了回家的路)频度副词:一般放在 be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimesoften等还可以放在句首或句尾 ,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice three times 等一般放在句尾。
42、如:Sometimes I get up early(.我有时起得早)/ Theworkers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭)/ Take thismedicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次)方式副词:一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如:Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young peopl隹年人几乎不口J 能走 得和年轻人一样快)/ Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然
43、,在黑 髅鞍的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光)地点副词:一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。如:There you can seethousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看至U成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动)/ The frightened wolf ran away.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了 )/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon .(他悄悄地走了 出去,很快又返 回)一程度副词:修饰动词时,放在动词之前;修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意 enou
44、gh总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面;only位置比拟灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如:I nearly forgot all about it if he did nottell me again.(如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了 )/ It was so strange精品学习资料精品学习资料第14页,共53页名师归纳总结名师归纳总结that I could hardly believe myears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵)/She got to the station early enough to catch the first bu.s(她早早地赶到车站赶
45、上 了首班车) 疑问副词:用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。如:When and wherewere you born?(你何时何地出生?)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小爱辿生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上?)/ How do you do?(你好!)连接副词:用来引导主语从句、宾语反句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。Howlam going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题)/That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人
46、人都害怕老虎的原因)/ Hewondered how he could do it the next da.v(他不知道第二天怎样做那事 ) 关系副词:用来引导定语从句,在从句中作或语。 如:This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方)/ Please tell me the way howyou have learned English so wel.I(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得这么好的方法) 其它副词:too“也”用在句尾;also放在动词前;either也不”,放在句尾; nor “也不”,放在句首;so “如此
47、,这样”,放在形容词、副词前; on/off 开/ 关”放在动词之后;not放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前; maybe/perhaps放在句首;certainly放在句首或动词之前。He went to thePalace Museum and I went there迎p.(他去了故宫博物院,我也去了)/ Mavbe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里)/ -Tomdoesn t have a compute幽ido上(汤姆没有计算机,我也没有。)(2)作表语:地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。如:I m very sorry he isrin Mthe moment(很抱歉,他此刻不在家 )/1 have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我离开家乡有将近 20 年了)/ Jim is over there(,吉姆就在那边)(3)作定语:口函前词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面。如: People now often have t
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