英语词源词典 T.docx

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1、Tis。abbreviation of it is, first recorded c.1450.-teen。combining form meaning ten more than,“ from O.E. -tene, -tiene, from P.Gmc. tekhuniz (cf. O.S. -tein, Du. -tien, O.H.G. -zehan, Ger. -ze/in, Goth. -taihun), an inflected form of the root of ten; cognate with L. -decim (cf. It. -dici, Sp. -ce, Fr

2、. -ze). The combining form of ordinal numbers, -teenth, developed from O.E. -teoda, -teode (W.Saxon), teogoda (Anglian) Htenth.H suffix forming nouns from verbs (depth, strength, truth, etc.), from O.E. -du, -d, from PIE *-itQ (cf. Skt. -tati-, Gk. -tef-, L. -tati-). The suffix forming ordinal numbe

3、rs (fourth, tenth, etc.) is O.E. -da, from PIE *-tos (cf. Skt. thah, Gk. -tos, L. -tus).-tion。suffix forming nouns from verbs, from L. -tionem, accusative of noun suffix -tzo (gen. -tionis) forming nouns of condition and action (the -t- is the Latin pp. stem).-tomy。comb, form meaning na cutting/ fro

4、m Gk. -tomia “a cutting of,“ from tome ”a cutting, section11 (see tome).-trix。fem. agential suffix, from L.? corresponding to masc. -tor.-tron。as a suffix in new compounds formed in physics, 1939, abstracted from electron (Gk. -tron was an instrumentive suffix).tactile。1615, perceptible to touch/ fr

5、om Fr. tactile, from L. tactilis ntangible5 that may be touched/* from tactus, pp. of tangere nto touch (see tangent). Meaning of or pertaining to touch is attested from 1657.1877, young or small child/1 probably a shortened form of tadpole. The extended meaning small amount11 is first recorded 1915

6、.tadpole 0.1400, from tadde toad” (see toad) + pol head (see poll).tae kwon do。1967, from Korean, from tae kick + kwon fist + do ”art, way, method.” taffeta。1373, from O.Fr. taffetas (1317), from It. taffeta, ult. from Pers, tafiah silk or linen cloth/1 noun use of taftah, pp. of taftan “to shine/t

7、also to twist, spin.” Applied to different fabrics at different times (and cf. tapestry).taffrail。1814, alteration of tafferel upper panel on the stern of a ship (often ornamented)” (1704), earlier, na carved paneln (1622), from Du. tafereel panel for painting or carving/1 dissimulation from tafelee

8、l, dim. of tafel ntable/ from the general W.Gmc. borrowing of L. tabula slab, board* (see table). The word developed in Du. from the custom of ornamenting the high, flat stern of old sailing ships; spelling and sense altered in Eng. by infl. of rail (n.).taffy。candy made from sugar or molasses, 1817

9、, related to toffee, but of uncertain origin; perhaps associated with tafia (1763), a rum-like alcoholic liquor distilled from molasses, presumably of W.Indian or Malay origin (perhaps aO.E. dorp nvillage, hamlet, farm, estate/1 reinforced by O.N. dorp, both from P.Gmc. thurpa- (cf. O.Fris. thorp, F

10、ris. terp, M.Du., Du. dorp, Ger. dorf nvillage/ Goth. )aurp estate, land, field), probably from PIE base treb- dwelling.n Preserved in place names ending in -thorp, -thrup.those 。Midlands and southern variant of O.E./qs, nominative and accusative plural of pes, peos this(see this).Thoth。ancient Egyp

11、tian god of wisdom and magic, from L,from Gk. Thoth, from Egyptian Tehuti.thou。2nd nominative singular personal pronoun, O.E.力”，from P.Gmc. *thu (cf. O.Fris. Ou, M.Du” M.L.G. du, Ger. du, O.N.Goth.力u), from PIEsecond person singular pronoun (cf. L. tu, Ir. tu, Welsh ti, Gk. su, Lith. tu, O.C.S. ty,

12、Skt. twa-ixi). Superseded in M.E. by plural form you (from a different root), but retained in certain dialects (e.g. Philadelphia Quakers). The plural at first was used in addressing superior individuals, later also (to err on the side of propriety) strangers, and ultimately all equals. By c.1450 th

13、e use of thou to address inferiors gave it a tinge of insult unless addressed by parents to children, or intimates to one another. Hence the verb meaning “to use thou to a person (c.1440).nAvaunt, caitiff, dost thou thou me! I am come of good kin, I tell thee!n Hickscorner/ c.1530A brief history of

14、the second person pronoun in Eng. can be found here.thoughc.1200, from O.E. peah, and in part from O.N.力o though,“ both from P.Gmc. thaukh (cf. Goth, pauh, O.Fris. thach, M.Du., Du. doch, O.H,G. doh, Ger. doch), from PIE demonstrative pronoun (see that). The evolution of the terminal sound did not f

15、ollow laugh, tough, etc., though a tendency to end the word in existed c.1300-1750 and persists in dialects.thought (n.) ,O.E. boht, geoht, from stem of )encan “to conceive of in the mind, consider (see think). Cognate with the second element in Ger. Gedachtnis memory,“ Andacht attention, devotion/1

16、 Bedacht consideration, deliberation.H Thoughtful given to thinking, meditative” is attested from c.1200； sense of considerate of others is first recorded 1851 (thoughtless inconsiderate” is attested from 1794). Second thought later consideration“ is recorded from 1642. Thought-crime is from Ninetee

17、n Eighty-Four (1949); thought police is attested from 1946, originally in ref. to pre-war Japanese Special Higher Police (Tokubetsu Koto Keisatsu).thousand /O.E. pusend, from P.Gmc. thusundi (cf. O.Fris. thusend, Du. duizend, O.H.G. dusunt, Ger. tausend, O.N. pusund, Goth./usimdi); related to words

18、in Balto-Slavic (cf. Lith. tukstantis, O.C.S. tysashta, Pol. tysiac, Czech tisic), and probably ultimately a compound with indefinite meaning several hundred11 or na great multitude11 (with first element perhaps related to Skt. tawas nstrong, force). Used to translate Gk. khilias, L. mille, hence th

19、e refinement into the precise modern meaning. There was no general IE word for nthousand.n Slang shortening thou first recorded 1867. Thousand island dressing (1916) is presumably named for the region of New York on the St. Lawrence River.thrall。O.E. j)rs8l bondsman, serf, slave, from O.N.向史ll slave

20、, servant/1 probably from P.Gmc. thrakhilaz, lit. runner/1 from root threh- to run (cf. O.H.G. dregil servant, prop. nrunner;H O.E. prgsgan, Goh. pragjan to run).thrash。1588, to separate grains from wheat, etc., by beating,“ dial, variant of threshen (see thresh). Sense of beat (someone) with (or as

21、 if with) a flail is first recorded 1606. Meaning nto make wild movements like those of a flail or whip” is attested from 1846. Type of fast heavy metal music first called by this name 1982.thread (n.)。O.E. &r况d fine cord, especially when twisted (related to prawan to twist), from P.Gmc. *thr史dus (c

22、f. M.Du. draet, Du. draad, O.H.G. drat, Ger. Draht, O.N. pradr), from suffixed form of base 登九厂史-twist” (see throw). Meaning “spiral ridge of a screw is from 1674. The verb meaning to put thread through a needle11 is recorded from c.1366; in ref. to film cameras from 1913. The dancing move called th

23、read the needle is attested from 1844. Threads, slang for nclothes is 1926, Amer.Eng. Threadbare is recorded from 1362, from the notion of nhaving the nap worn off/ leaving bare the threads.threat。O.E. preat “crowd, troop, also oppression, menace/1 related to preotan to trouble, weary/ from P.Gmc. t

24、hreutanan (cf. Ger. verdrie/3en “to vex), from PIE *trud- push, press” (cf. L. trudere to press, thrust/1 O.C.S. trudu oppression/1 M.Ir. trott nquarrel, conflict/* M.Welsh cythrud torture, torment, afflict). Sense of nconditional declaration of hostile intention was in O.E. The verb threaten is O.E

25、. )reatman; threatening in the sense of portending no goodn is recorded from 1530.three。O.E. breo, fem. and neut. (masc. pri, brie), from P.Gmc. thrijiz (cf. O.Fris. thre9 M.Du., Du. drie, O.H.G. dri, Ger. drei, O.N. prir9 Dan. tre), from PIE trejes (cf. Skt. trayas, Avestan thri, Gk. treis, L. tres

26、, Li th. trys, O.C.S. trye, Ir., Welsh tri n three0). 3-D first attested 1952, abbreviation of three-dimensional (1878). Three-piece suit is recorded from 1909. Three cheers for is recorded from 1751. Three-martini lunch is attested from1972. Three-ring circus first recorded 1898. Three-sixty comple

27、te turnaround” is from 1927, originally among aviators, in ref. to the number of degrees in a full circle. Three musketeers translates Fr. les trois mousquetaires, title of an 1844 novel by Alexandre Dumas pere.threnody O“song of lamentation/ 1634, from Gk. threnodia, from threnos ndirge, lament/1 +

28、 oide ode. Gk. threnos probably is from a PIE imitative base meaning to murmur, hum; cf. O.E. dran drone,” Goth, drunjus sound, Gk. tenthrene ”a kind of wasp.nthresh。O.E. prescan, perscan to beat, sift grain by trampling or beating/* from P.Gmc. threskanan nto thresh/ originally Po tread, to stamp n

29、oisily” (cf. M.Du. derschen, Du. dorschen, O.H.G. dreskan, Ger. dreschen, O.N. preslga, Goth, priskan), from PIE base *tere- to rub, turn” (see throw). The basic notion is of treading out wheat under foot of men or oxen, later, with the advent of the flail, the word acquired its modern extended sens

30、e of to knock, beat, strike.H The original Gmc. sense is suggested by the use of the word in Romanic languages that borrowed it, e.g. It. trescare “to prance/1 O.Fr. treschier “to dance, Sp. triscar nto stamp the feet. The thresher shark (1609) so called for its long upper tail shape.threshold OO.E.

31、 prescold, b史rscwold, )erxold doorsill, point of entering/ first element related to O.E. )rescan (see thresh), with its original sense of “tread, trample/* Second element of unknown origin and much transformed in all the Gmc. languages; in Eng. it probably has been altered to conform to hold, but th

32、e oft-repeated story that the threshold was a barrier placed at the doorway to hold the chaff flooring in the room is mere folk etymology. Cognates include O.N.preskjoldr, Swed. troskel, O.H.G. driscufli, Ger. dial, drischaufel.thrice。c.1200, from O.E. priga, )riwa thrice” (from prie three;n see thr

33、ee) + adverbial genitive -es, changed to -ce c.1600 to reflect voiceless pronunciation.thrift。c.1305, fact or condition of thriving/1 also prosperity, savings” (1310), from M.E. thriven to thrive (see thrive), possibly infl. by O.N.曲 variant of 力厂炉 prosperity, from J)rifask to thrive? Sense of habit

34、 of saving, economy“ first recorded 1553 (thrtfty in this sense is recorded from 1526; also see spendthrift). Thrift shop first attested 1947.thrill (v.)。C.1300, nto pierce, penetrate,n metathesis of O.E. J)yrlian, from )yrel hole (in M.E” also “nostril)，from purh through” (cf. M.H.G. diirchel pierc

35、ed,perforated11) + -el. Meaning give a shivering, exciting feeling is first recorded 1592, via metaphoric notion of npierce with emotion.0 The noun in this sense is from 1680； meaning na thrilling experience11 is attested from 1936. Thriller sensational storyn is from 1889.thrive Oc.12OO5 from O.N.

36、J)rifask to thrive/1 originally grasp to oneself,n probably from O.N. to clutch, grasp, grip (cf. Swed. trifvas, Dan. trives nto thrive, flourish), of unknown origin.throat。O.E.力rote (implied in protbolla “the Adams apple, larynx/1 lit. nthroat boll), related to rutian to swell/ from P.Gmc. thrut- (

37、cf. O.H.G. drozza, Ger. Drossel, O.S. strata, M.Du. strote, Du. strot throat), perhaps from PIE trud- (cf. O.E. prutian to swell/ O.N. prutna to swell). The notion is of nthe swollen part“ of the neck. It. strozza nthroat, strozzare to strangle“ are Gmc. loan-words. College slang for competitive stu

38、dent is 1970s, from cutthroat.throb (v.)。1362 (implied in throbbing), of uncertain origin, perhaps meant to represent in sound the pulsation of arteries and veins or the heart. The noun is first attested1579- throec.12OO5 throwe pain, pang of childbirth, agony of death,“ possibly from O.E. prawan nt

39、wist, turn, writhe (see throw), or altered from O.E. prea (gen. prawe) naffliction, pang, evil, threat (related to prowian nto suffer”)，from P.Gmc. thrawo (cf. M.H.G. dro nthreat/* Ger. drohen to threaten). Modern spelling first recorded 1615.thrombosis O1706, Mod.L., from Gk. thrombosis na clumping

40、 or curdling” (from thrombousthai nbecome curdled or clotted/ from thrombos clot, curd, lump) + -osis.throne 。C.1240, from O.Fr. trone (12c.), from L. thronus, from Gk. thronos elevated seat, chair, throne/ from PIE base dher- nto hold firmly, support” (cf. L. firmus firm, steadfast, strong, stable/

41、1 Skt. dharma statute, law;n see firm (adj.). Colloquial meaning “toilet is recorded from 1922.throng (n.) c.1300, probably shortened from O.E. ge)rang ncrowd, tumult1* (related to verb bring an to push, crowd, press), from P.Gmc. thrangan (cf. O.N. prong, Du. drang, Ger. Drang Hcrowd, throng). The

42、verb, in the sense of ngo in a crowd/ is first recorded 1534.throstle Othrush/1 O.E.力rosMe, from P.Gmc. thrustalo (cf. O.S. throsla, O.H.G. droscala, Ger. Drossel “thrush), altered from (perhaps a dim. of) thurstaz (see thrush), though OED considers this a distinct word from the same PIE root.thrott

43、le (v.) Ostrangle to death/1 0.1400, probably from M.E. throte nthroat (see throat). The noun, in the mechanical sense, is first recorded 1870s, from throttle-valve (1824), but was used earlier as a synonym for throat” (1547); it appears to be an independent formation, not derived from the verb.thro

44、ugh Oc.1300, metathesis of O.E. J)urh, from W.Gmc. thurkh (cf. O.S. thuru, O.Fris. thruch, M.Du. dore, Du. door, O.H.G. thuruh, Ger. durch, Goth. pairh through11), from PIE base 笠r- through (cf. Skt. tirah, Avestan taro through, beyond,” L. trans “beyondj O.Ir. tre, Welsh tra through). Not clearly d

45、ifferentiated from thorough until early Mod.Eng. Spelling thro was common 15C.-18C. Reformed spelling thru (1917) is mainly Amer.Eng.throughout late O.E. purhut; see through + out (cf. Ger. durchaus916c.).throughway ,expressway, large toll road J 1934, Amer.Eng., from through + way.throw (v.)。to pro

46、ject, propel, c.1300, from O.E. 1)rawan to twist, turn writhen (pt. preow, pp. 1)rawen), from P.Gmc.头thra-(cf. O.S. thraian, M.Du. dr史yen, Du. draaien, O.H.G. draen, Ger. drehen to turn, twist;H not found in Scand. or Gothic), from PIE *tere- to rub, turn, rub by turning, bore (cf. Skt. turah wounde

47、d, hurt, Gk. teirein nto rub, rub away, L. terere nto rub? thresh, grind, wear away/ O.C.S. tiro “to rub/ Lith. trinu to rubj O.Ir. tarathar nborer/! Welsh taraw to strike). Not the usual O.E. word for to throw (weorpan, related to warp was common in this sense). The sense evolution may be via the n

48、otion of whirling a missile before throwing it. The sense of nput by force0 (e.g. throw in jail) is first recorded 1560； that of to confuse, flabbergast0 is from 1844； that of nlose deliberatelyn is from 1868. To throw the book at (someone) is 1932, from notion of judge sentencing a criminal from a law book full of possible punishments. To throw (ones) hat in the ring issue a challenge,0 esp. to announce ones candidacy, first recorded 1917. To throw up vomit is first recorded 1732.throw (n.)。act of